APOLLONIUS of PERGA a celebrated | certain religious rites which he performed at mathematician who studied at Alexandria under the disciples of Euclid, B.C.240, about thirty years after the death of Archimedes. He composed several curious geometrical works, of which his book on conic sections alone exists. This production, which takes the lead on the subject of conic sections among the ancients, is still much esteemed. The first four books alone reached modern times in the original Greek, the remaining four having been recovered from Arabic versions. A mag nificent edition of the whole eight books was published by Dr Halley at Oxford in 1710.Hutton's Math. Dict.

APOLLONIUS RHODIUS, so called from the city of Rhodes, in which he presided over a school of rhetoric. He was a native of Alexandria, where he afterwards became, through the favour of Ptolemy Evergetes, keeper of the celebrated library there, in which situation he remained till his death, which took place about the 137th olympiad, or 240 years before the Christian æra. His poem on the Argonautic expedition has received the praise of both Quintilian and Longinus for a moderate and sustained elevation; the latter in particular, in his treatise on the sublime, speaks of it in terms of great commendation. It is evident also, that Virgil has profited by the story of Jason and Medea, in his loves of Dido and Æneas. It has appeared repeatedly in an English dress, having been translated by Dr Ekins, Mr Fawkes, and Mr Preston. The Oxford edition of the original work, in two vols. 4to, 1777, is considered the best. The ancient scholia upon the poem, yet extant, are highly valuable. Apollonius was a pupil of Callimachus, towards whom he is accused of having acted with much ingratitude.--Vossius. APOLLONIUS TYANEUS, a Pythagorean philosopher, one of the most extraordinary of those pretenders to divinity who have more or less imposed on the common sense of mankind. He was the son of a rich citizen of Tyana in Cappadocia, and was born about the Christian æra. He studied under Pythagorean preceptors from his infancy; but his masters falling short of the rigid austerity of the original school, he forsook them, and took up his residence in the temple of Esculapius at Ægæ. Here he strictly practised all the self-denial of his sect, and encouraged by the priesthood around him, who favoured his pretensions, formally commenced his character of mystic and sage. On the death of his father, he gave up the greater part of his fortune to his brother, and returning to Ægæ, established a school of philosophy; but in order to qualify himself more completely for the office of preceptor in the Pythagorean doctrines, he enjoined himself a strict silence of five years. When the term of his probation expired, he visited An

sunrise he would disclose to those only who had passed through the discipline of silence. He next resolved to visit Babylon and the Indies, in order to converse with the Brahmins. His disciples, seven in number, refusing to accompany him, he 10pared to Ninus with two servants only, and then took for his associate Damis, a native of that city, who kept an account of the events of the journey. At Babylon he conversed with the magi, and by his sage discourses obtained the favour and admiration of the king, who furnished him with camels and provisions for his journey over Caucasus. He was equally patronised by Phraotes, an Indian king, and after four months residence with the Indian sages, returned to Babylon, and thence into Ionia. Various miracles of his performance in the cities of Greece are gravely related. Among other feats, he pretended that he had raised the shade of Achilles. At Athens he is said to have cast out a demon, who at its departure threw down a statue; at the isthmus of Corinth, to have predicted the attempt of Nero to cut through it; and in the island of Crete, during an earthquake, to have exclaimed that the sea was bringing forth land, at the very time that an island was rising out of the sea between Crete and Thera. From Crete he repaired to Rome; but the edict of Nero against professors of magic not allowing him to remain there, he proceeded to Spain, where he staid until the death of that emperor. He then returned to Greece, and soon after to Egypt, where Vespasian was endeavouring to establish his power. That politic prince knew how to make use of a man like Apollonius, and accordingly affected to consult him as a divine oracle; in return for which he was of course oracular in favour of Vespasian. From Egypt he made a journey into Ethiopia, and probably obtained as much from the gymnosophists as the Brahmins. On his return he was very favourably received by Titus, who had succeeded his father Vespasian. Upon the accession of Domitian, he was accused of exciting a sedition in Egypt in favour of Nerva; when he voluntarily repaired to Rome to meet the accusation, and was acquitted. He finally settled at Ephesus, where he established a school, and had many disciples. Here a story is related of him which, if true, implies that he was acquainted with the conspiracy against Domitian. At the moment when that tyrant was cut off at Rome, Apollonius is said to have made a sudden pause in the midst of a public disputation at Ephesus, and, changing his tone, to have exclaimed, "Well done, Stephen! take heart; kill the tyrant-kill him;" and then, after a short pause, to have added, "the tyrant is dead; he is killed this very hour." After this we hear little of him, except that Nerva wrote to him

tioch, Ephesus, and other places, associating on his accession; but it is probable that he chiefly with the priests, but holding public died at Ephesus during the short reign of that assemblies in the evening, in which he ad- emperor, at the very advanced age of ninetydressed the multitude at large, with attic neat- seven. The sources of information concerning ness, yet with great force and persuasion. His this extraordinary man are very uncertain. His mysticism increased with his reputation; and life by Philostratus, from which the foregoing sketch is selected, vas compiled 200 years for his attendance. His rivals, envious of his after his death, by the order of the empress celebrity, gave out that he was aided in his Julia, widow of Severus, which prince regarded cures by evil spirits, and brought him under Apollonius as a divinely inspired personage, the notice of the Inquisition, from the fangs of

and is said to have associated his image in a temple with those of Orpheus, Abraham, and Jesus Christ. Philostratus, a mere sophist, received as materials the journal of Damis, his companion and disciple, who was ignorant and credulous, and a short and imperfect memoir by Maximus of Ægæ, now lost. All sorts of fables and traditionary tales are mixed up with the account of Philostratus, who only merits attention for a mere outline of the facts upon which he must necessarily have formed his marvellous superstructure. The claim of the whole to notice rests chiefly on the disposition of the Pagans, when Christianity began to gain ground, to assimilate the character and merits of Apollonius with those of the founder of the rising religion. Something is also due to a life so singular as that of Apollonius, who certainly contrived to pass for a divinely favoured person, not only in his own days, but as long as Paganism prevailed. The inhabitants of Tyana dedicated a temple to his name; the Ephesians erected a statue to him under the name of Hercules Alexiacus, for delivering them from the plague; Adrian collected his letters; the emperor Severus honoured him, as already described; Caracalla erected a temple to him; and Aurelian, out of regard to his memory, refrained from sacking Tyana; lastly, Ammianus Marcellinus ranks him among the eminent men who, like Socrates and Numa, were visited by a demon. All these prove nothing of the supernatural attri butes of Apollonius, but they are decisive of the opinion entertained of him. At the same time Dr Lardner clearly shows that the life by Philostratus was compiled with a reference to the history of Pythagoras rather than to that of Christ. On the whole, as his correct doctrines appear to have been extremely moral and pure, it may be the fairest way to rank him among that less obnoxious class of im postors, who pretend to be divinely gifted, with a view to secure attention and obedience to precepts which, delivered in the usual way, would be generally neglected. Of the writings of Apollonius, there remain only his apology to Domitian, and eighty-four epistles, the brevity of which is in favour of their authenticity. They were edited by Commelin in 8vo. 1601, and by Stephens in his "Epistola," 1577.Philostratus. Bayle. Lardner.

which he escaped by a timely death in the sixty-sixth year of his age. His body would have been consigned to the flames but for the attachment of a female domestic, who had it privately disinterred and secretly re-buried; so that the enlightened holy brotherhood were obliged to rest satisfied with an execution in effigy. His memory however received honours more than adequate to this attempted disgrace, for the duke of Urbino and the senate of Padua afterwards erected statues to his honour. Besides the work already mentioned, which was published at Padua in 1490, and reprinted at Florence and at Venice, this author wrote "De Venenis eorumque Remediis," Marpurg, 1517, and Venice, 1550; "De Medicina Omnimoda;" "Quæstiones de Febribus," and various other works-Bayle.

APPIAN, an eminent historian, a native of Alexandria, who flourished at Rome under the emperors Trajan and Adrian. Here he distinguished himself by his forensic abilities, acquired the post of a procurator of the empire and the government of a province. A par only of his Roman history, written in the Greek language, has come dowr to us. The work was not originally a continuous narrative, so much as separate accounts of the different nations which submitted to the Roman arms, and the progress of their suljection. His details of the Punic, Syrian, Parthian, Mithridatic, and Spanish wars, of those against Hannibal, the civil wars, and those in Illyricum, are what remain. He is remarkable for the plainness, simplicity, and perspicuity of his style; but his partiality to the Romans renders it necessary to read him with caution. His works have gone through several editions, the principal of which are the folio, Geneva, 1592; one in two vols. 8vo, Amsterdam, 1670; and another, printed at Leipsig in 1784, in three vols. 8vo. - Vossius. Fabricius.

APREECE, AP RHYS, or RHESE (JOHN) a native of Wales, eminent for his knowledge of the antiquities of his native country. He was born in the early part of the 16th century, and in 1534 graduated in civil law at Oxford. He was the author of several works connected with his favourite study, one of which, entitled "Fides Historiæ Britanniæ," is preserved in manuscript in the Cottonian collection. His other productions are: "Historiæ Britanniæ Defensio," printed in 1573; " A Description of Wales," in quarto, 1663; a treatise " De Variis Antiquitatibus," and a vindication of the existence and deeds of king Arthur, entitled "Defensio Regis Arthuri." He died in the reign of queen Mary.--Wood's Athen. Oxon.

APONO (PETER D') a celebrated physician of the thirteenth century, was born at Apono, or Abano, a village near Padua, in 1250. He studied at the university of Paris, where he was created a doctor in philosophy and medicine. While at Paris, he made himself celebrated by a work entitled "Conciliator Differentiarum Philosophorum et precipue Medicorum," in which he attempted to connect philosophy with medicine, and astrology with natural magic. His reputation as a physician became so great that, prompted by a rapacious on polite literature at Venice. He published disposition, he exacted the most enormous fees | an account of the library of the Augustines at

APROSIO (ANGELICO) a learned Italian monk of the order of St Augustin, born at Ventimeglia in the republic of Genoa, 1607. He taught philosophy at Genoa, and lectured property, and undertook the profession of pleader, in which he acquired considerable fame and emolument. Not only sc, he em

Ventimeglia, which is much sought after by the curious, as also "Bibliotheca Aprosiana," Bologna, 12mo. 1673. He was likewise the author of various satirical and humorous braced an opportunity which offered of im

APTHORP (EAST) a native of New England, eminent in the last century as a scholar and a theologian. He was born in 1732, received his education at Cambridge, where he graduated as M.A. in 1758, and became fellow of Jesus College in that university. The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in Foreign Parts sent him out as one of their missionaries

pieces, which were not deemed altogether proving his condition by marrying Pudentilla, congenial with his profession, under fictitious an elderly widow of considerable property, to names. Aprosio died in 1681.-Moreri whom his youth and agreeable qualities had strongly recommended him. This union exceedingly exasperated the relations of the lady; and Æmilianus, the brother of her former husband, instituted a very infamous suit against Apuleius before the pro-consul of Africa, for employing magical arts to obtain her love. The apology which he delivered on this occasion is still extant, and it is regarded as a performance state he resided for a short period; but not cessful; for it was not very difficult to convince being altogether satisfied with his situation, a sensible magistrate, that a widow of thirteen returned to England, and, through the favour years' standing may be induced to marry a of archbishop Secker, obtained the living of handsome, eloquent, and accomplished young Croydon in Surry, about the year 1765. In man, without being moved thereto by philters 1778 he took the degree of doctor of divinity, or magic. Of the remainder of the life of and obtained the rectory of St Mary-le-Bow Apuleius nothing is known, except that seve

to Cambridge in Massachusetts, in which of considerable merit. It was of course suc

in the city of London, both which pieces of preferment however he gave up on being appointed to the valuable stall of Finsbury, in St Paul's cathedral. His printed works are-" A Review of Dr Mayhew's Remarks on Archbishop Secker's Auswer to his Observations," 8vo, 1765; "Letters on Christianity, in reply to Gibbon," 8νο; "Select Devotions for Families," 12mo; "Discourses on Prophecy," preached at the Warburtonian Lecture, two vols. 8vo; and several occasional discourses, the principal of which are" The Constitution of a Christian Church," preached at the opening of the new church at Cambridge in New England, Oct. 9, 1761; "The Felicity of the Times, on the Peace," 1763; " A Fast Sermon," 1777, and one on "The Liturgy," all in 8vo; "The Character and Example of a Christian Woman," 1763; "On Sacred Music and Poetry," 1764, and "The Consecration Sermon for Halifax bishop of Gloucester," all in 4to. Dr Apthorp died at Cambridge in the year 1816.-Gent. Mag.

ral cities honoured him with statues for his eloquence, and that he wrote much both in prose and verse. Like Apollonius Tyaneus, miracles have been ascribed to him, which have been placed in comparison with those of the gospel. The origin of these reports, which did not circulate until after his death, is by no means ascertained, as, with the exception of the foregoing foolish accusation, he does not appear to have been charged with the practice of magic in his life time; although it is not impossible that his anxiety while on his travels to get initiated in the secret mysteries and religious ceremonies of the different places which he visited, might have laid a foundation for the opinion entertained after his death of his supernatural acquirements. Be this as it may, Marcellinus, in the fifth century, requested of St Augustin to exert his utmost efforts in refuting those who falsely asserted "that Christ did nothing more than what was done by other men, and who produced their Apollonius, Apuleius, and other masters of the magical art, whose miracles they assert to have been greater than his." Perhaps this notion has been grounded on a misapprehension of his story of "The Golden Ass," in which a Milesian fable, invented by Lucius of Patras, and abridged from him by Lucian, is enlarged and embellished. This humorous production was by many believed to be a true history, and among the rest St Augustine entertained his doubts, while bishop Warburton deems it a work written in opposition to Christianity, and with a view to recommend the Pagan religion "as a cure for all vices." The same learned author also explains the beautiful allegory instruction, and was otherwise so generous and sode in the "Golden Ass," upon the same profuse, that on his return home, after his principles. Dr Lardner was of a different travels, he found his patrimony exhausted; and being exceedingly desirous to enter into the fraternity of Osiris, was obliged to part with his cloaths to pay the necessary expense of the inaugural ceremonies. He now began to acquire a more prudent estimate of the value of BLOG. DICT.-No. VII.

APULEIUS, a Platonic philosopher of the second century, was a native of Madaura, an African city on the borders of Numidia and Gætulia. His family was respectable both in station and property, his father being chief magistrate of Madaura. He received the early part of his education at Carthage, where he imbibed his first knowledge of the Platonic philosophy, and thence moved in succession to Athens and Rome. Apuleius, who inherited a handsome fortune, began life with that contempt for riches, which in the ancient world in particular so frequently distinguished aspirants after learning and philosophy. He liberally rewarded all those who had any share in his of Cupid and Psyche, which makes a long epi

opinion; and probably Bayle comes nearest the truth, who regards this eccentric production as a mere satire on the frauds of the dealers in magical delusion, and on the tricks of priests, and other crimes, both of a violent and deceptive character, which are so frequently

H

committed with impunity. While some readers have erred on the supposition of concealed allusion and imaginary signification, others, altogether obtuse to humour, have gravely condemned the "Golden Ass" as a mere nursery tale, like the distinguished person who is said to have entitled the Gulliver of Swift a silly parcel of lies, and without a word of truth from beginning to end. Apuleius indeed appears from the greater part of his writings to have been more of a wit than a philosopher, in the ancient acceptation of the character; his productions, with the exception of his view of the doctrines of Plato, being too florid, oratorical, sportive, and sometimes even wanton, for the gravity of philosophy. His printed

AQUINAS (St THOMAS) a celebrated scholastic divine, descended from the counts of Aquino, in Calabria, in the kingdom of Naples, was born in the year 1224. He acquired the rudiments of education at the school of Mount Cassino, and was thence removed to the university of Naples. At the age of seventeen he entered a convent of Dominicans, much against the will of his mother, who persevering in her wishes to recover him, the monks, anxious to secure so honourable an addition to their fraternity, determined to send him out of the kingdom to Paris. He was however arrested by his two brothers on his way, and refusing to give up his intention, was shut up in a castle belonging to his father The first, which is much mutilated by the In- means to escape to Naples, and in the year quisition, is very rare; it was printed at Rome 1244 was conducted by John, master of the by order of cardinal Bessarion, 1467. Among Teutonic order, to Paris, whence he soon after those which succeeded may be mentioned the departed to Cologne. At Cologne he studied editions of Henry Stephens, 8vo, 1585; of Elmenhorst, 8vo, 1621; of Scriverius, 12mo, 1624; and in Usum Delphini, 2 vols. 4to, 1688. The "Golden Ass" has been translated into

works have gone through forty-three editions. for two years. He at last however found

under Albert, an eminent teacher of philosophy, who foresaw his future celebrity. In 1246, he visited Paris in company with Albert, and at the age of twenty-four became

almost all the modern European languages; a preceptor, at the university of that capital, in and of the episode of Psyche, there have been dialectics, philosophy, and theology, and acmany separate editions and translations, some quired the highest reputation. Princes and of which are superbly ornamented. Moller popes held him in the greatest estimation,

published a dissertation on the life and writings of Apuleius, Altdorff, 8vo, 1681.-Aikin's G. Dict. Biog. Universelle. Saxii Onomasticon.

AQUAVIVA. There were several eminent men belonging to a noble family of this name in Italy, during the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. ANDREW MATTHEW, duke of Atri in the kingdom of Naples, born about the year 1456, was celebrated both as a soldier and a scholar. He wrote a treatise on hunting, and another on fowling; the latter of which was first printed in folio at Naples in 1519, and again at Basil in 8vo, 1578. A quarto volume, entitled "Disputationes de virtute morali," is also the production of his pen, as well as a fragment of a projected Encyclopedia. He died at the age of seventy-two in 1528. CLAUDIO AQUAVIVA, born in 1542 at Naples, became general of the order of Jesuists, and died in 1615. He wrote a treatise entitled, "Ratio Studiorum," printed in 8vo in 1586, which, from the liberality of its sentiments, came under the censure of the Inquisition, and was in consequence suppressed. He afterwards published "Industria ad curandos animæ morbos," 8vo, 1603. OCTAVIO AQUAVIVA, a prelate of great reputed piety and learning, died archbishop of Naples in 1612.-Nouv.

Dict. Hist.

AQUILA, an architect and eminent mathematician in the time of Adrian, by whom he was employed in the rebuilding Jerusalem. While thus engaged, he was induced by some Christian converts to embrace their religion; but falling into disrepute among his new associates, and being excommunicated by them as a magician, he apostatized to Judaism. A few fragments are yet extant of a translation of the Old Testament by him into the Greek language. Fabricius.

and he was invited by St Louis, then reigning in France, to his court and table. On a visit to Rome, Aquinas distinguished himself by a neat repartee: being in a closet with Innocent IV, when an officer brought in a large sum of money produced by the sale of absolutions and indulgences: "You see young man," said the Pope, "the age of the church is past, in which she said 'Silver and gold have I none.' "True, holy father," replied the angelic doctor, "but the age is also past, when she could say to a paralytic-Rise up and walk.'" In 1263 he returned to Italy, when Pope Clement IV offered him the archbishopric of Naples, which he refused. A general council being summoned at Lyons in 1274, for the purpose of uniting the Greek and Latin churches, Aquinas was called thither, to present the council with a book which he had written on the subject; but died on the way, near Terracina. After his death, the honours paid to his memory were prodigious : besides the title of angelic doctor, bestowed on him after the absurd fashion of the times, he was called the "Angel of the Schools," the "Eagle of Divines," and the "Fifth Doctor of the Church;" and, at the request of the Dominicans, he was canonized by John XXII, his tomb of course supplying the necessary testimony of miracles. His writings, which were held in the highest estimation in the next century, gave rise to a sect called, after him, Thomists. The celebrity of Aquinas was altogether confined to scholastic divinity, and his talents were exclusively wasted in the useless disputes which in those days were connected with it. His writings, which are exceedingly numerous, make seventeen volumes folio. His principal work, "Summa Theologiæ," bears a high reputation in the Romish church; and He was also advantageously known as a poet conspiracy of some English nobleinen, who, and historian, having in the former character indignant at the Scottish ascendancy, plotted given to the world three volumes of poems, to set aside James in favour of Arabella. printed 1702, and in the latter a "History of The detection of this plot, of which the the War in Hungary," besides a work entitled latter was altogether innocent, ultimately

as if to add to the mournful peculiarity of her first at Ferrara and afterwards at Rome, lot, she received an excellent education. Her where her fine natural talents received the proximity to the throne was the source of all highest degree of cultivation. Her works her misfortunes. Elizabeth, who never lost sight of the claims which might arise out of ereditary pretensions, for some time before