a large fortune. He died in that capital, is highly spoken of. In divinity, on which he highly respected, in the year 1443. He trans- gave lectures at Marpurg, his works are " A lated Aristotle's Ethics and Politics, and Plu- Commentary on the New Testament," and tarch's Lives, into elegant Latin. His original "Examen Theologicum," in folio. He also works, also in Latin, are-1." A History of wrote the life of Gentilis, and died in 1574.Ancient Greece," Venice, 1543; 2. "An At- Haller. tempt to supply the Defect of the Second Decad of Livy," 4to, Augsburg, 1537; 3. "A History of the Transactions of his own Times magistrate, born in 1685, died 1755. His first in Italy," 4to, Lyons, 1539; 4. History of Flo- undertaking of any note was the quarto edition rence," folio, 1476; 5. "On Studies and Let- of Bedori's poems, printed in 1715; after which, ters," 1642; 6. "Epistles," republished in settling at Milan, he superintended the publica1741, 8vo, with his life by Melius. The latter tion of the "Scriptores Italicarum rerum," by

publication is deemed of considerable historical value.- Morerr. Nouv. Dict. Hist.

ARGELLATI (PHILIP) a printer of Bologna, of which city he at length became a

Muratori, under the auspices of the emperor Charles VI, who granted him a pension, and made him one of his secretaries. His editions are in general valuable, especially his "Sigonius," 6 vols. folio. Biog. Univ.

ARETINO (PETER) sirnamed the Scourge of Princes, born in 1492, was the natural son of a gentleman of Arezzo in Tuscany. His education was neglected, and he was unacquainted ARGELLATI (FRANCIS) son of the prewith the learned languages; yet few literary eeding, died the year before his father. He was characters have excited more notice during an able mathematician and a good scholar, their lives. It is no honour to his contempo- | and took the degree of doctor of law. He is raries, that this celebrity was chiefly acquired principally known by his " Decamerone," a

by virulent satire and scandalous indecency. He began, after the manner of Italian wits, with attacks on the clergy, and proceeded to princes and sovereigns, whom he held in such awe, that most of the European potentates, including the emperor Charles V and Francis I, were among his tributaries. When the former retarzed from his ill-planned expedition into Africa, he sent Aretino a golden chain: "A trifling gift," exclaimed the satirist, "considering the greatness of the folly." As was natural, his success made him vain and insolent in the extreme; and he even went so far as to issue a medal bearing on one side his head, with an inscription, "The divine Aretino," and on the other his figure, seated on a throne, receiving the envoys of princes. Like most of the wretched tribe who praise and censure for money, he was best corrected with a cudgel; a secret discovered by some of the petty princes of his own country, who kept him in greater awe than foreigners. He wrote in a variety of ways, prose and verse, letters, discourses, dialogues, sonnets, cantos, and comedies; in which extravagant conceits, coarse gibes, with a mixture of ingenious turns and forcible expressions, compose the substance of works now sunk into merited oblivion. His name has been rendered particularly infa

work in imitation of that by Boccacio, which he published at Bologna in 1751. Ibid.

ARGENS (JOHN BAPTIST DE BOYER, Marquis of) a French miscellaneous writer, was son to the solicitor-general of the parliament of Aix, and born in that city in 1704. Against the wishes of his father, he chose the profession of arms, and passed his youth much in the inconsiderate manner of the young French military noblesse of that day. Returning to his family, his father obliged him to enter the bar; but, rapidly disgusted, he quitted it, and returned to the military service, for which he finally became disabled by a fall from his horse. For some time afterwards he lived in Holland on his literary efforts; but, being invited to Prussia by Frederick, was appointed one of his chamberlains. He resided at the court of Berlin for about twenty-five years, during which time he married, and supported the character of a good husband, friena, and master. He was much distinguished among the literati that surrounded Frederic, whom he particularly pleased by the originality and vivacity of his conversation, although occasionally liable to a great depression of spirits He at last returned to his native city, where he lived in philosophical retirement until 1771, when he unexpectedly died, while on a visit

mous by the letters and sonnets accompanying to his sister, the baroness de la Garde, near the celebrated "Postures," engraved by Marc Toulon. As a writer, the marquis d'Argens Antonio of Bologna, from designs by Julio sought to establish himself on the model of Romano. Strange to say, while engaged in Bayle, but fell far short of that eminent writer these licentious productions, he was also writing in erudition and profundity. In other rethe lives of St Thomas Aquinas, and of St spects he is to be ranked among that free and Catherine of Sienna, and composing peniten- vivacious class of speculators in religion and tial hymns and other pieces of devotion. morals, with whom the continent abounded Aretino died at Venice in 1556. In an epitaph for nearly the whole of the last century. written for him by an Italian wit, it is ob- D'Argens particularly shared in the tendencies served, "that he satirized every one except of the French division of this class, both in God, whom he spared only because he did respect to freedom in the articles of morals, and not know him." - Moreri. Bayle. Tiraboschi. in a disposition to attack fanaticism and priestARETIUS (BENEDICT) an ecclesiastic of craft, with too little reference to general reliBerne in Switzerland, eminent as a botanist gion, or to due discrimination. His writings and theologian. In the former science he display learning and reflection His acquaintpublished an account of Alpine plants, which ance with languages was extensive and he willing instrument in their wretched persecu- going publication, he is also author of "Traité tions. It is no great compliment to his saga- de la Lecture des Peres de l'Eglise," 1697, city, that he favoured the scheme of the pro-12mo; and "L'Education Maximes et Rekirs," 1691, 12mo. -Biog. Universelle. Moreri.

ARGYROPYLUS (JOHN) one of the first of the learned persons who sought an asylum in Italy, some time before the taking of Constantinople by Mahomet II in 1454. Under the patronage of the Medici, he materially contributed, by his lectures at Florence, to the

the house of Este in several critical missions, and even intrusted with the government of an unruly province in the Apennines, and other public business, his reward was by no means lavish. His more immediate patron the cardinal, in particular, exacted a most harassing degree of attention, and is said to have been so ungenerous as to deprive him of a small

revival of Greek learning: he also passed some pension, because, owing to his indifferent time in France and at Rome. His personal health, he declined to accompany him to Huncharacter appears to have been intemperate gary. Neither did pope Leo X, although he counand unamiable, although possessed of consi-tenanced him both before and after his adderable strength of mind and fortitude. His vancement to the papacy, treat him with his translations of Aristotle, which are to be found usual munificence. Upon the whole however, in the more ancient editions of that philoso- for a man of his studious and contemplative

pher, are deemed valuable; and he is also author of "A Commentary on Aristotle's Ethics," Paris, 1541. He died in his seventieth year, of eating a melon. - Bayle. Fabricius. ARI FRODE, a native of Iceland, who lived in the eleventh century. He was one of the most learned men of his age, and the earliest northern historian. All his works are lost, except the Schedæ and Landnamabok, the latter of which has been continued by other writers.-Henderson's Iceland.

temper, the life of Ariosto was not unfortunate. On his return from his government, he was enabled by the duke of Ferrara to purchase land, and build a small but convenient house, in which, after he had settled certain vexatious family disputes and lawsuits, he lived with philosophic simplicity for the remainder of his days, and completed those works, begun in the midst of active pursuits, which have rendered his name immortal. The character of Ariosto, taken altogether, was peculiarly amiable, mild, benevolent, and humane; he was extremely sensible to all the charities of social life, and his affection and respect for his mother in her old age was most exemplary. It is thought that he was secretly married, in the latter part of his life, to a widow named Alessandra; but the anomalous state of society in Italy which confined the views of almost all literary men to church preferment, prevented him from open wedlock. He was however engaged in more than one passionate attachment; but his gallantry was secret, chivalric, and in general accordance with the character of the poet and the man. To the house of Este he was a zealous friend and faithful retainer; and although his eulogy is occasionally too exalted for veracity, much allowance is due to the custom and style of the times. Few poets have enjoyed more of their fame during their lives: soon after its publication, the Orlando Furioso became so popular, that it was sung and repeated even by the lowest classes. It is said indeed, that having wandered in a stu

ARIOSTI (ATTILIO) a Bolognese composer of eminence. He is said to have given lessons to Handel in his childhood, in conjunction with whom and with the celebrated Bononcini, he afterwards produced the opera of Muzio Scevola; Ariosti setting the first act, Bononcini the second, and Handel the third. He likewise composed several other operas in England about the year 1721, at which time the Royal Academy of Music was established; and is said to have introduced into this country for the first time the instrument called the viol d'amour, on which he performed a new symphony at the sixth representation of Handel's Amadis on the 12th July, 1716, soon after his arrival in this country. He then went abroad, but again returned in 1720, and composed several operas. He once more left England, after publishing a book of cantatas by subscription; and the place and date of his death are unknown. - Burney's Hist. of Mus. ARIOSTO (LUDOVICO) one of the most celebrated poets of Italy, was born in 1474 at Reggio in Lombardy, of a noble family allied dious mood from the fortress in the Apennines

in which he resided as governor, he was surprised by a body of freebooters who, when informed that their prisoner was the author of Orlando, immediately reconducted him to the castle, and informed him that they respected the governor for the sake of the poet. The health of Ariosto, which was always delicate, altogether declined as he approached old age, on the verge of which he died with great tranquillity, in his fifty-ninth year. The works of this great poet, one of the modern classics

to the dukes of Ferrara. He received an excellent education; and his imagination being excited by a greedy perusal of the Provençal and Spanish romances, his attachment to poetry was early and spontaneous, much against the inclinations of his father, who anxiously wished him to study the law, but who at length, after a long exercise of his influence to no purpose, allowed him to follow his own course. His conversation gave great pleasure to the duke of Ferrara, who invited him to court, and he became a still greater favourite with the car- of Europe, consist of satires, comedies, sonnets, dinal Hippolito d'Este, his brother, in whose songs, small pieces of poetry, and his grand service he remained for fifteen years. Being heroic poem of "Orlando Furioso." While thoroughly versed in the Latin tongue, cardinal all the works of Ariosto are much valued, and Bembo wished him to compose in that lan- especially his satires, the great comparative preguage only, which advice, with a judicious tensions of the Orlando engross the chief atanticipation of a more open road to fame, he tention of modern readers. It was first published declined to follow. Although employed by at Ferrara, in forty cantos, in 1516, not being

completed in forty-six cantos until 1532. It teenth century, printed in 1706; "La Tiran

is scarcely necessary to add, that it is a tissue of chivalric adventures in love and arms, with all the wild accompaniments of enchantment, transformation, supernatural events, and sometimes of even moral and religious allegory. So various and versatile is the genius of the poet, that he steps from tragic to comic scenery and character, from pathos to burlesque, and from the serious and heroical to the most airy and vivacious adventures, with inimitable ease, grace, and sportiveness. So slight however is the connexion, that the various narratives rather form a collection of stories than an epic poem; but while inexhaustible invention, boundless facility, and poetical beauties of the most different kinds, can charm, the "Orlando Furioso" must ever maintain a lofty rank among the productions of human genius.

"Se.

nide Soggiogata," an oratorio, in 4to; natorum Mediolanensium," folio; "Cremona Literata," in 3 folio volumes; and "Rime per le sacre stimate del Santo Patriarca Francesco," 4to. He died in 1743.-Biog. Univ. ARISTÆNETUS, a Greek Pagan writer of the fourth century. He was the friend of the rhetorician Libanius, who speaks of him in his orations; and he is also alluded to in respectful terms by Ammianus Marcellinus. He is only known to modern readers by two books of amatory epistles, written with elegance and tenderness, and adorned with quotations from Plato, Lucian, and others. These letters, which assimilate ancient with modern gallantry more than might be imagined, have been partly translated in the works of Tom Brown; and Messrs Halhed and Sheridan gave a ver

It is not altogether free from the licentious- sion of the first book in 1771. Of the original, ness of the age, and has some strokes of satire the first edition was that of Mercer, Paris, 8vo, upon subjects in his own days deemed sacred; 1595, which was reprinted in 1600 and 1610. but modern readers will not be materially -Fabricius. Aikin's Gen. Biog. shocked at his discovery of the document ARISTARCHUS, a learned critic and gramcontaining the grant of Rome by Constantine marian, a Samothracian by birth, who filouto pope Sylvester in the moon, or with rished about 160 years before the Christian similar palpable hits at priestly frauds and æra. The severity of his remarks is alluded to forgeries. Ariosto was about thirty years of by Horace and Cicero, and his name has since age when he commenced his great work, to become proverbial as a rigid censor. He rewhich he was led by the Orlando Innamorato vised Homer's poems; and having settled at

Alexandria, Ptolemy Philometor committed to his care the education of his son. He died in the island of Cyprus at the age of seventy-two, it is said by voluntary starvation.-Bayle.

ARISTARCHUS, the Samian, a Greek philosopher, the æra of whose existence is not

of Boiardo. He had first designed a poem in praise of the house of Este in terza rima, after the model of Dante, but finally adopted the subject of Orlando and the ottava rima. In person Ariosto, as appears from an admirable picture by Titian, was rather above the middle size; with a countenance grave and contem- sufficiently ascertained: he is however supplative; his head partly bald; his hair dark posed by some to have lived in the early part and curling; his forehead high; his eyes of the fourth century which preceded the birth black and sparkling; his nose large and aqui- of Christ, and is said to be the first who dis

line; and his complexion inclining to the olive. It has been said, that he was crowned poet with laurel at Mantua by Charles V, which is however doubtful, although that emperor granted him some exclusive privileges, and other marks of his esteem. The best editions of Ariosto are those of Venice, 1584, folio, and of Molini, 1772, 2 vols. 4to. He has been translated into English with no great felicity by Sir John Harrington and Mr Hoole, but from the great attention recently paid to Italian literature, specimens and notices of other versions have been recently (1825) rendered probable; while one by Mr Stewart Rose has been formally announced. Ariosto left two natural sons. Roscoe's Leo X. Saxii Onomasticon. Biog. Universelle.

ARIOSTO (GABRIEL) brother of the above, was a good Latin poet. His poems were published at Ferrara, in 1582. His son Horace wrote an heroic poem in Italian called "Alphæus," and was also author of some comedies, and of a defence of the Orlando of his great relative against the criticisms of Pellegrino.Biog. Univ.

covered the rotatory motion of the globe upon its own centre. There is a work of his yet extant on the magnitude and distance of the sun and moon, of which a translation into the Latin language was published by F. Commandine in 1572, with Pappus' annotations. An edition of the same work in Greek and Latin has since been published by Dr Wallis in 1688. He is also spoken of as the inventor of a dial, to which Vitruvius alludes.-Hutton's Math. Dict.

ARISTEAS, the name of a Jew, who is said to have taken a prominent part in the Greek translation of the Bible which goes under the name of the Septuagint. He lived in the reign of Ptolemy Philadelphus, under whom he served. A history of the translation alluded to, yet extant, is ascribed to him, but on questionable grounds. In 1692, this work was printed at Oxford in 8vo, and reprinted in 1705, in folio, by Dr Hody, who has annexed a confutation of its authenticity.-Fabricius G. Dict.

ARISTIDES, a virtuous and patriotic Athenian, from his rigid integrity sirnamed " the Just," was the son of Lysimachus, a man of middle rank in that republic. From his youth he exhibited a steady and determined cla

ARISI (FRANCIS) an eminent advocate of Cremona, born in 1657, author of several works, among which the principal are-a List of the most celebrated musicians of the seven-racter, and early began to meditate on subjects of government. Led into an admiration of nishment, instead of triumphing over a fallen the laws of Lycurgus, he attached himself enemy, ever after spoke of him with the rather to the oligarchical than to the popular greatest respect. After having borne the party of his countrymen, but always evinced highest offices in peace and war, this virtuous the strictest political integrity. Themistocles, politician died in great poverty. His funeral on the other hand, headed the more demo- was conducted at the public expense; and death cratic party; and hence these great men were having silenced party animosity, the Athenians in constant opposition to each other. Aristides bestowed a pension and an estate in land on perceiving what it has so often been found his son Lysimachus, and portioned his daughdifficult to avoid in party conflicts, that he was ters from the public treasury. This great man occasionally called upon to oppose the measures died at an advanced age while on public busiof his opponent when even salutary, one day ness at Pontus, B. C. 467. Plutarch. Uriv. exclaimed, that the Athenians would never Hist. prosper until both he and Themistocles were consigned to the Barathrum (the dungeon for condemned criminais). His integrity in the administration of the office of public treasurer, by leading to the detection of peculation on the part of Themistocles and his partisans, excited ▲ party spirit against him, which would have ended in a prosecution, but for the interposition of the Areopagus; and by a happy stratagem he subsquently contrived to expose the real cause of the enmity against him. At the battle of Marathon, Aristides was second in command to Miltiades, and highly distinguished himself by his valour and integrity. The fol

con

ARISTIDES (ÆLIUS) a native of Adrianum
in Mysia, flourished in the latter part of the
second century, during the reigns of Antoninus.
Aurelius, and Commodus. He was an orator of
great skill and ability; and his orations, which
were mostly chosen subjects,
nexion with public business,
laboured accuracy, and abound with fine moral
sentiments. When Smyrna had been over-
thrown and almost destroyed by earthquake,
Aristides so pathetically described the calamity
to Antoninus, that that emperor immediately
ordered the city to be rebuilt, for which bene.
volent service the inhabitants honoured their

subjects, having little
are written with

lowing year he was archon or chief magistrate; intercessor with a statue. The fine qualities

soon after which, Themistocles contrived to
alarm the people with his growing influence,
and succeeded in obtaining his banishment
by the ostracism, that singular expedient in
Athenian policy to get temporarily rid of an
eminent citizen, whose popularity might be
deemed dangerous. On this occasion a very
characteristic incident occurred. A rustic
citizen, unable to write, who came up to vote
against him, not being acquainted with his
person, asked Aristides himself to write his
name on the shell which was to signify a concur-
rence in the sentence. "Did Aristides ever
injure you?" said the patriot. "I do not so much
as even know him," returned the man, " but
I am tired with hearing him every where called
the Just." Aristides wrote his name, and re-
turned the shell in silence to the voter. From
this banishment he was recalled on the inva-
sion of Xerxes, when he honourably proposed
to Themistocles to bury their animosities during
the contest, for the good of their country, and
used all his influence to second the views of
the latter at the battle of Salamis. He was
also of the greatest service, before the battle of
Platæa, in preserving concord among the con-
federates; and after that conflict, in which he
behaved with the greatest valour and con-
duct, he terminated a dangerous quarrel con-
cerning the honour of the day, by giving the
palm to the Platæans, and inducing the Lace-
dæmonians to do the same. The war with
Persia continuing, a signal proof of the high
character of Aristides throughout Greece
for integrity and justice was given, by the
nanimous nomination of him to lay a propor-
tionate assessment on all the states for the
When Themis-
support of the general war.
tocles fell under the displeasure of the ruling
party, Aristides refused to concur in sentencing
him to a capital punishment; and on his ba-

of this rhetorician were sullied in a small degree by vanity, but he was a good and able man. The entire works of Aristides were published in two quarto volumes by Jebb, Oxford, 1722.-Fabricius. Aikin's G. Dict.

ARISTIDES, a Christian philosopher of Athens, who lived in the second century. He presented an Apology for the Christian Faith," to the emperor Adrian, which is praised by Jerome; but nothing from the pen of this writer has reached modern times.Eusebius. Lardner's Credibility.

ARISTIDES, a Theban painter, contemporary with Apelles, flourished B. C. 240. He is said to be the first who distinguished himself by exhibiting the emotions of mind, and the operation of the affections and passions. A famous picture of this kind is spoken of by Pliny, representing a mother in a captured town, mortally wounded, with an infant sucking at her breast, whom she is apprehensive will suck blood instead of milk: it became the property of Alexander the Great. Several other very famous pictures of his are also mentioned, for one of which Attalus king of Pergamus is said to have given one hundred talents. Expression seems to have been the great excellence of this ancient artist.Pliny Nat. Hist.-Biog. Dict.of Mus.

ARISTIDES (QUINTILIANUS) an ancient Greek musician, who flourished about the year 130. He was the author of a treatise upon the music of his country in three books, which has come down to posterity, and may be found with a Latin translation in the Antiquæ Musicæ Auctores," printed by Meibomius at Amsterdam in 4to, 1632.

ARISTIPPUS, a Grecian philosopher, founder of the Cyrenaic sect, was born at Cyrene in Africa, and flourished about 400 B.C. Attending the Olympic games when