a new Latin grammar of his own, instead of found the provinces of painting and sculpture. that of Ruddiman. The difference being re- In 1754 he published Recueil de Sculptures Antiques Grecques et Romaines," folio, for which he made designs. He died of an apeplexy in 1759.-D'Argenville, Vies de fam. Sculp. ferred to Dr Robertson, principal of the university, he decided in favour of Ruddiman. Dr Adam's work was published in 1772, under the title of "The Principles of Latin and English Grammar." It possesses considerable merit, especially in the estimation of those who are of opinion that the grammars of both languages should be taught at the same time. Dr Adam also compiled a " Summary of Geography and History," 1794, 8vo.; "Roman Antiquities," 1791, 8vo.; "Classical Biogra ADAM (NICHOLAS SEBASTIAN) brother of the foregoing, was born at Nancy in 1705, and also studied under his father at Paris and at Rome. After a residence of nine years in Italy, he returned to Paris, and was admitted into the academy, on which occasion he exhibited his model of the "Prometheus chained," phy;" and an abridged dictionary, entitled the statue from which was not finished until "Lexicon Linguæ Latine Compendiarum," 1763, when the King of Prussia offered 30,000 8vo.; all of which are much esteemed in rela- francs for it; Adam said that it was exe tion to education. Dr Adam, who loved liberty, incurred some censure at the commencement of the French Revolution for letting his sympathies in favour of Gallic freedom become evident to his scholars. The weight of his character however bore him up. He died of apoplexy in 1809, aged 68, and was honoured with a public funeral. - Life of Dr Adam, Edin. 8vo. 1810. ADAM (of Bremen) canon of the cathedral of Bremen, lived towards the end of the eleventh century. There remains of this author-1. an Ecclesiastical History in four books, which treats of the propagation of the Christian Faith in the North, entitled "Historia Ecclesiastica Ecclesiarum Hamburgensis et Bremensis, ab Anno 788, ad Ann 1072," Copenhagen, 1579, 4to. and Helmstadt, 1670, 8vo.; and 2. " Chronographia Scandinavia," 1615, 8vo. The latter production was reprinted at Leyden under the title of " De Situ Daniæ et reliquarum, trans Daniam Regionum natura." Adam employed his whole life in the functions of his office as a missionary, and in the compilation of his history. The time of his death is unknown. -Moreri. ADAM (LAMBERT SIGEBERT) an eminent French sculptor, born at Nancy, Feb. 10, 1700, was also the son of a sculptor of considerable note. He received his first instructions from his father, and after passing four years at Paris, proceeded as a royal pensionary to perfect himself in Italy, where he remained ten years. He finished, while in Italy, several considerable works, one of which was the restoration of the mutilated group of the family of Lycomedes, discovered by Cardinal Polignac in the ruins of the villa of Marius. He returned to Paris in 1733, and was extensively employed in palaces and gardens, one of the most celebrated of his works being the groupe of the "Seine and Marne," for the cascade of St Cloud. In 1737 he was elected a member of the French academy, and exhibited on his admission a " Neptune calming the Waves." He subsequently executed the groupe of "Neptune and Amphitrite" for Versailles, for which, besides the stipulated price, he obtained a pension of 500 livres. One of his most admired productions is a figure of St Jerome at St cuted for the king his master, and no longer his own property. He died in 1778, in his seventyfifth year, with a reputation not inferior to that of his brother, and highly respected for the integrity and mildness of his character.-A younger brother, Francis Gaspard, also attained eminence as a sculptor, but none of his works are recorded. Ibid. ADAM (MELCHIOR) a German biographer, who lived in the 17th century, was a native of Silesia, and educated in the college of Brieg, where he became a firm Calvinist. In due time he was appointed rector of a college at Heidelberg, where he published his first volume of "Illustrious Men," in the year 1615. This volume consists of poets, philosophers, writers on polite literature, historians, &c. A second, treating of divines, was printed in 1619; a third followed, of lawyers; and a fourth, of physicians: the last two were published in 1620. All the learned men here treated of flourished in the sixteenth and beginning of the seventeenth centuries, and were either Germans or Flemings; while the divines are exclusively Protestant. An additional volume however, containing the lives of twenty divines of other countries, was subsequently published separately. Bred a Calvinist, he is deemed partial by the Lutheran Germans, who consider his selection of names to be very injudicious and unfair. His biographical labours were collected into one volume folio at Frankfort, under the title of " Dignorum laude Virorum, quos musa vetat mori, immortalitas." He wrote several other works, but is chiefly known by his biography, which, although not very ably written, has been much used in every subsequent collection.-Moreri. Bayle. ADAM (NICHOLAS) a French grammarian, born at Paris in 1716, was many years professor in the college of Lisieux. Through the patronage of the Duke of Choiseul, he resided at Venice as charge d'affaires for France nearly twelve years, and on his return published various elementary works on grammar, which procured him considerable reputation:-1. "La. vraie manière d'apprendre une langue quelconque, vivante ou morte, par le moyen de la langue Française," 1787, 5 vols. 8vo. This work, which includes a French, Italian, Latin, English, and German grammar, has often been Roch. In all his pieces he exhibits genius, reprinted. 2. "Les quatre chapitres de la but occasionally alloyed by deficiency in taste, Caison, de l'Amour de Soi; de l'Amour du owing to the then prevalent tendency to con- | Prochain, de la Vertu," &c. 8vo. 1780. Η: died in 1792, with the character of an able and amiable man.-Blog. Universelle. ADAM (ROBERT) architect, was born in 1728 in the town of Kirkaldy, Fifeshire, North Britain: he was the second son of Mr William Adam of Maryburgh, an architect of considerable reputation. Mr Adam was educated at the university of Edinburgh, where he formed distinguished literary connexions, and followed up his studies by all the advantages which a free access to the most approved models of elegance, both at home and on the continent, could ensure to him. As he advanced in life, too, he formed friendships and intimacies of the highest consequence, so that his attainment of eminence in his profession was peculiarly rapid and easy. On his return from Italy, in the year 1762, he was appointed architect to the king; an office which he held for six years, when he resigned it to become a member for Kinrosshire in the British parlia ment. In 1764 he published the result of his researches at the Emperor Dioclesian's villa at Spalatro in Venetian Dalmatia, in one large volume in folio, entitled "Ruins of the Palace of the Emperor Dioclesian, at Spalatro in Dalmatia," which production is enriched with seventy-one ably executed plates. In conjunction with his brother, James Adam, he now engrossed the business of the nobility and gentry, both in the construction of many modern edifices and in the embellishment of ancient mansions. In 1773 the brothers published "The Works of R. and J. Adam" in numbers. The noble improvement called the Adelphi (brothers) was their work, the name being adopted in reference to their fraternal connexion. So great was the professional lead taken by the subject of this article, that in the space of one year before his death he designed eight great public works, besides twenty-five private buildings; exhibiting so much variety in style and tasteful composition, that his character as an architect might have rested on them alone. Neither was his genius confined to the strict line of his profession; his numerous drawings in landscape have merited and obtained the highest praise. He died at his house in Albemarle-street, March 3, 1792, and was buried on the 10th of the same month in Westminster Abbey; his brother James, who was also very eminent as an architect, and the designer of Portland-place, survived him about two years and a half, dying October 17, 1794. Un. Biog. Dict. style ADAMS (JOHN), second President of the United States of America, and a political writer of considerable reputation, was born at Braintree in Massachusets, October 19, 1735, being a descendant from one of the families the more violent of his party for undertaking the cause of Captain Preston, who was tried for his life for firing on a tumultuous assemblage of people, and owing in a great measure to the spirit and eloquence of his advocate-acquitted. Being among the first to perceive the impossibility of a cordial reconciliation with Great Britain, he was one of the principal promoters of the memorable resolution passed July 4, 1776, declaring the American States free, sovereign, and independent. He subsequently proceeded with Dr Franklin to the court of France, in order to negociate that treaty of peace and alliance which the Bourbon family have ever since had so much reason to remember. He was afterwards nominated plenipotentiary to Holland, and materially contributed to hasten a rupture between the United Provinces and Great Britain. Lastly, he was employed in negociating a general peace at Paris, and was the first ambassador received by this country from America after it was effected. Mr Adams also took a great share, in conjunction with Washington, Hamilton, and other federal leaders, in forming the present constitution of the United States, in 1787, when General Washington was elected president and Mr Adams vice-president. On the breaking out of the French revolution the popular mind in America very naturally sympathised with the feelings which led to it; and in consequence the people exhibited some distaste to the more aristocratical and conservative parts of their own constitution. This manifestation of feeling induced Mr Adams to undertake his work, entitled "A Defence of the Constitution of Government of the United States of America," 1787-8, 3 vols. 8vo. which he afterwards re-published with the title of "History of the Principal Republics." This work exhibits an endeavour to investigate into the most eligible distribution of powers and functions in a state, in order to secure the highest degree of freedom and happiness. With some bias towards a preconceived theory, it is a sensible and able production. On the re-appointment of General Washington to the presidency, Mr Adams was again chosen vice president; and on the retirement of that eminent character, was elected his successor in preference to Mr Jefferson. At the conclusion of his presidency Mr Adams retired from pubic life, with the character of an able, active, independent, and upright statesman, even among those whose party views were opposed to his opinions.-[Strange to say, his death was so formally announced as having taken place Oсtober 2, 1802, that we had abridged, from the Universal Dictionary, in 32 volumes (1812) which founded that colony. Before the Revolu- the foregoing account, which may as well tion he had attained great eminence as a lawyer, stand, although Mr Adams is still living in and published an essay "On Canon and retirement at a very advanced age.] - Since the Feudal Law." On the breach with the mother retreat of Mr Adams, however, the distinction country, Mr Adams, along with most natives of between federalist and democrat has become Leading reputation and influence, espoused the much less prominent, owing to a considerable colonial cause, and employed his pen with relaxation in party spirit on both sides; so that great activity. He did not however act an the recent election is not considered as a triumph xtreme part, and even lost some credit with by either. It may be as well to observe, that some American journalists place the date of Mr Adams' birth earlier than 1735, and make him fourteen years older. - Morse's Geog. ing from a painful disease, some remedy from the hands of an old woman, the persecuted prelate was accused of dealing with witches: and to the equal discredit of religion, humanity, and common sense, the poor woman, after an imprisonment of four years, was burnt for ADAMS (JOSEPH) a physician, who was brought up by his father, an apothecary in Bread-street, to his own profession; but who, in 1796, obtained a diploma from Aberdeen witchcraft. From this species of persecution and proceeded to Madeira, where he practised several years; and on his return in 1805 was elected physician to the Small Pox Hospital He died in 1818 of an accidental fall, aged 62. He is mentioned as author of "Observations on Morbid Poisons;" "A Tract on the Cancerous Breast;" "An Inquiry into the Laws of Epidemics;" "An Account of Maderia;" "A Treatise on the Hereditary Peculiarities of the Human Race;" "A Manual on Vaccination;" "Life and Doctrines of John the archbishop was temporarily delivered by the favour of James, who sent him ambassador to the court of Queen Elizabeth, where, by the tenor of his mission and general conduct, he still further exasperated the Presbyterian leaders at home. On his return to Edinburgh, in 1.584, he brought forward several acts in favour of episcopacy; but the presbytery proving triumphant, he was first excommunicated and then tried by the general assembly, under various acts of accusation, one of which was that, Hunter;" "A Treatise on Epilepsy;" and va-contrary to a law then existing in Scotland, he rious miscellaneous papers in medical and other journals.-Gent. Mag. had married the earl to the countess of Huntley without requiring a confession of faith. The miserable prelate was now deserted even by James, who granted the revenue of his see to the duke of Lennox; so that, goaded by abject poverty, he wretchedly submitted to deli ADAMS (WILLIAM) a divine of the Establishment, born at Shrewsbury in 1707, was a prebendary at Gloucester, and in the enjoy ment of other preferment. He was the friend of Dr Johnson, and besides a volume of server to the assembly a formal recantation of his mons, wrote "An Answer to Hume's Essay on Miracles." Univ. Dictionary. ADAMSON(PATRICK) a Scottish divine, was born at Perth, in the year 1536, and studied at the university of St Andrews, of which see he subsequently became archbishop. On leaving the university he assumed the humble but useful occupation of a schoolmaster at a village in Fife, and was put into the road of prefer a seven views in regard to church government; a humiliation which produced him nothing, as he was supported to the last by charitable contribution, and terminated his unhappy life in the year 1599. He was an eloquent preacher, but possessed not sufficient intrepidity for the arduous part which he aspired to play, or to enable him to stem the unrelenting rigour with which he was crushed to the earth by a Biog. Brit. ment by a neighbouring gentleman, who sent the stronger spirits opposed to him. His works him with his son to France, in the capacity of were printed in a quarto volume, London, tutor. On the birth of a son to Mary queen of 1619, besides which he wrote several theoloScots, Adamson, who happened to be at Paris, gical tracts, together with what has been thought he could do nothing better than pub- deemed comparatively candid history of his lish a Latin poem on the occasion, in which he own times, which has never been published.styled the infant James " most serene and noble prince of Scotland, England, France, and Ireland." This imprudence gave so much of fence, that the author was confined for six months. During the massacre of St Bartholomew, Adamson escaped the general slaughter by lying concealed in blic inn for public months, the master of which was thrown from the roof of his own house, at the age of seventy, for harbouring a heretic. During his concealment he turned the Book of Job into Latin verse, and in the preface to this work he narrates the foregoing atrocious circumstance. In 1573 he returned to Scotland, took orders, and became minister of Paisley. Being nominated in the commission for settling the jurisdiction and policy of the Scottish church, his zeal for episcopacy was rewarded with the primacy; an exaltation which naturally excited Presbyterian jealousy in the highest degree. The general assembly began by requiring him to submit ADANSON (MICHAEL) an eminent French naturalist, of Scottish extraction, was born at Aix in Provence, in April 1727. He was educated at the university of Paris, where he gave proofs of uncommon application; and appearing much younger than he really was in consequence of the smallness of his stature, his success in carrying off the university prizes excited considerable mirth. The celebrated naturalist, Needham, happening to be present at one of these examinations, presented Adanson with a microscope; and to this accident is attributed his first bias towards natural history. His parents intended him for the church, and had even procured him a prebend; but his thirst for general science induced him to resign it, and in 1748 he made a voyage to Senegal, the unhealthy character of which had prevented its being visited by preceding naturalists. Here he made a vast collection of specimens, to an examination, and then forbade the which he classed in a manner that he deemed chapter of St Andrews to elect him; a man- an improvement on the systems of Tournefort date which was not obeyed, although he was and Linnæus. He also extended his enquiries not confirmed in his see until the assembly had to the climate, geography, and manners of the sanctioned the validity of his election. The people; and the result of his labours appeared animosity to him however still continued, in his "Histoire Naturelle de Senegal," 4to, and in consequence of his taking, while suffer- 1757, of which an ill-executed abridgment was BIOG. DICT.-No. 11. C published in London, 8vo, 1759. Soon after name, so highly celebrated in English litera his return from Senegal he was elected a cor- ture, was the son of Dr Addison, the subjec responding member of the academy of sciences, of the foregoing article. He was born May 1, and was much esteemed, but might not have been able to persevere in these studies, except by the generous assistance of M. de Bombarde, a liberal patron of science. Thus aided, in 1763 1672, at his father's rectory, Milston, Wilts. After receiving the rudiments of education at home, at Salisbury, and at Lichfield, he was removed to the charter-house, then under the he published his "Familles des Plantes," 2 vols. guidance of Dr Ellis, where he contracted his 8vo. an enlarged and improved edition of which first intimacy with Mr afterwards Sir Richard appeared some years after. He subsequently Steele. At the age of fifteen he was entered laid down the plan of an immense general work of Queen's College, Oxford, where he soon upon natural history, for which undertaking became distinguished for the ardour with which however he failed in securing the expected patronage of Louis XV. Of an active and speculative turn of mind, in 1753 he laid before the French East India Company the plan of a colony on the coast of Africa, where all sorts of colonial produce might be raised without enslaving the negroes. This scheme was not attended to; but in 1760, when the English became possessed of Senegal, they made him a liberal offer to communicate his plan, which he patriotically declined to do. He also refused invitations to Spain and Russia on the part of Charles IV and Catharine II, and being appointed royal censor in 1759, from the emoluments of this place, that of academician, and several successive pensions, he might have rendered himself easy in his circumstances, but for his profuseness in the collection of materials for the great work which was always uppermost in his imagination. By stripping him of his places therefore, the Revolution reduced him to absolute poverty; so that when, on the formation of the Institute, he was invited to become a member, he answered that he could not accept the invitation, as he "had no shoes." The minister of the interior then procured him a pension, on which he subsisted until his death in 1806. He left behind him a great number of manuscripts, and the character of an indefatigable student of Nature, but somewhat over tenacious and self conceited. He considered himself the rival of Linnæus, and Haller thought him worthy to be so. Biog. Uni verselle. he cultivated classical literature, and for his skill in Latin poetry. His poems in the latter language he appears to have highly valued, as he himself collected the second volume of "The Musæ Anglicanæ," in which they were inserted. In the lighter of these efforts, a vein of that humour is discernible, for which he afterwards became so celebrated. It was not until his twenty-second year that he published any thing in English, when he sent out a copy of verses addressed to Dryden, which attracted considerable attention. His next production was a version of the fourth Georgic, which the same venerable poet highly commended. The able discourse on the Georgics, which is prefixed to Dryden's translation, rapidly followed; and various minor pieces continued to flow from his pen, until at length in 1695 he ventured to address a complimentary poem, on one of the campaigns of King William, to the lord keeper Somers, who procured for him a pension from the crown of 300l. per annum, to enable him to travel. In 1701 he wrote his epistolary poem from Italy, addressed to lord Halifax, which is by many esteemed the most elegant and finished of his poetical productions. On his return home he published his travels, which he addressed to lord Somers. This work was somewhat neglected in the first instance, but subsequently, as a classical and scholastic tour, became exceedingly popular. The death of king William deprived Mr Addison of the benefit of a small appointment as a confidential resident about the person of prince Eugene, then commanding for the Emperor in Italy, as also of his pension; so that on his return to England he found all his patrons displaced, and himself in a state approaching to indigence. This depression was happily not lasting; for lord Godolphin applying to lord Halifax to recommend to him a poet capable of celebrating the recent splendid victory of Marlborough at Blenheim, the latter named Addison, who produced his celebrated poem, "The Campaign," for which he was rewarded with the place of commissioner this time he rapidly increased in consequence ADDISON (LANCELOT) an English divine, was born at Crosby Ravensworth in Westmorland, in 1632, and from Appleby school was removed to Queen's College, Oxford. In 1658 he was chosen one of the Terræ Filii; but his attachment to the Stuarts having led him in his oration to satirise the then depositories of power, he was compelled to ask pardon on his knees. He soon after quitted Oxford, and lived retired until the Restoration, when he accepted the chaplaincy of the garrison of Dunkirk, and subsequently that of Tangier. Returning to England, he was made chaplain to the King, of appeals, in succession to Mr Locke. From and soon after obtained the living of Milston in Wilts, with a prebend in the cathedral of in 1705 he attended lord Halifax in his mis Salisbury. In 1683 he was promoted to the deanery of Lichfield, and died in 1703. Dean Addison is the author of -1. " A Description of West Barbary," 8vo. 1671; 2. "An Account of the Present State of the Jews," 1677; 3. "The Life of Mahomet, 8vo, 1678.-Biog. Brit. ADDISON (JOSEPH.) The bearer of this sion to Hanover, and in the succeeding year was made under-secretary of state. These employments did not engross him from the pur suit of literature; for while Steele attributed to him some of the best scenes in the comedy of "The Tender Husband," he composed and published the opera of "Rosamond," in order to discover if English poetry could not be made compatible with that species of entertainment. Rosamond however failed on the stage, owing it is said to a defect of musical merit in the composer. When the marquis of Wharton was appointed lord-lieutenant of Ireland, Mr Addison attended him as secretary, and was made keeper of the records of Birmingham tower, with an increased salary of £300 per annum. During the absence of his friend in Ireland, Steele commenced his Tatler, the first number of which appeared April 22, 1709, and it is scarcely necessary to add, that Addison became a distinguished coadjutor. These pleasant papers became the precursors of a body of writing which, although not absolutely English in origin, has become essentially so in tone, spirit, effect, and social adaptation. Nei, ther La Bruyere in France, whose labours were congenial, nor Casa nor Castiglione in Italy, all of whom preceded the Tatler, opened a field of observation at once so diversified and comprehensive, so important and yet familiar. The French and Italian writers confine themselves more to manners; the English unite, with an inculcation of decorum and the minor morals, the noblest lessons both for the heart and undertanding-and that by a plan admissive of all the piquancy of wit and waywardness of humour. It may indeed be safely asserted, that much of the moral discrimination and practical good sense of the middle ranks of England are attributable to the timely prevalence of these very happy literary vehicles for general instruction and amusement. The assistance of Addison in the Tatler was considerable; for Steele, with great modesty, describes himself in the situation of a weak prince, who calls in a powerful auxiliary to his own annihilation. The ascendant character of Addison has induced many critics to credit Sir Richard too literally; for while destitute of the fine tact and eminently rigid keeping of the former, nothing can be more free, spontaneous, and felicitous than the greater part of the humourous sketching of Steele, however inferior in gravity and pathos. Two months after the cessation of the Tatler on March 1, 1711, the Spectator was undertaken, upon a more regular plan under the same happy auspices, in which memorable production the labours of Addison are distinguished by one of the letters same year was brought out the famous play of "Cato," which he had commenced while on his travels, without any view to performance; but as the subject was deemed favourable to liberty and the principles of the Revolution, which were then much assailed both openly and covertly, he was prevailed upon to adapt it for the stage. The effect was extraordinary: both parties concurred in crying it up to the skies; the Whigs, as congenial with their genuine principles and sentiments; and the Tories as no way liable to the implied censure. To this play Pope wrote an admirable prologue, and Dr Garth a humorous epilogue. Cato ran thirty-five nights without interruption, received all sorts of poetical encomium, and the distinction of a furious critique by Dennis. The merit of this celebrated play is now estimated by quite another scale than is furnished either by the praise or the censure of its own days; and while passages are admired as oratorical and impressive, its dramatic pretension is at present altogether denied. After the death of Anne, Addison was again employed, being appointed secretary to the Lords Justices; and he subsequently visited Ireland a second time, as secretary to the earl of Sunderland. On the latter nobleman's removal, he was made a lord of trade; and on the breaking out of the rebellion of 1715, wrote the most considerable of his political periodical works, entitled "The Freeholder," in which the strife of party is very pleasantly softened by the admirable humour of the delineator of Sir Roger de Coverley. About this time too he published his admired poetical letter to Sir Godfrey Kneller, in which he so ingeniously adapts the heathen mythology to the English sovereigns, from Charles II to George I inclusive. In 1716 he married the countess of Warwick, which, owing to the jealous and tenacious spirit of the lady, proved a very unhappy match. In 1717 he was appointed one of the principal secretaries of state by Geo. I; but after holding the office for some time, resigned it on the plea of ill health, though unfitness for the duties of the situation is now known to have been the real cause. His intention at this time was to compose a "Defence of the Christian Religion," a part of which work was composing the word Clio. Of this admirable published after his death, and is that known and highly popular work, twenty thousand by the title of "Addison's Evidences." He numbers were sometimes sold in a day. It also purposed to paraphrase the Psalms of ended on the 6th September 1712; and when laid down, another periodical work commenced under the same title, in which Addison took a share; but as the encouragement was not great it soon terminated. "The Guardian" followed, to which he also freely contributed. While alkading to the share taken by Addison in periodical labours, it may be proper to observe, that he is generally esteemed the author of several numbers of the "Whig Examiner," published in 1710, as a party paper opposed to the famous "Tory Examiner." With kindred political views he also composed a short humorous piece in 1713, in exposure of the French Commerce Bill, entitled "The late Trial and Conviction of Count Tariff." In the David; but a long and painful relapse prevented the completion of these pious designs, and terminated his life at Holland House, Kensington, on the 17th June, 1719, in the commencement of the forty-eighth year of his age. When given over, Addison sent for his stepson, the young earl of Warwick, and grasping his hand, exclaimed impressively, " See how a Christian can die." He left an only daughter by the countess of Warwick. Soon after his decease, an edition of his works was published by his intimate friend Tickel, in which, besides the productions already noticed, appeared several translations of Ovid's Metamorphoses, and the admirable "Dialogues on the Usefulness of Ancient Medals." Two papers, enti |