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was a person of great eminence for piety and learning. His younger years he spent in the study of polite literature and philosophy, and the latter part of his life in intense application. His works were: "De Tentatione Christi," a MS. in the library of St. Victor at Paris. "De divisione Animæ & Spiritus," in the same library; copies of, which are in the public library at Cambridge, and in that of Bene't. His "Sermons" are in the library of Clairvaux. He likewise wrote "The Life of St. Geselin," which was published at Douay, 12mo, 1626.

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ACHARD (ANTHONY), a learned Prussian divine, was born at Geneva in 1696, took orders in 1722, and in 1724 was promoted to the church of Werder in Berlin. He enjoyed the protection of the prince-royal of Prussia; and having in 1730 accompanied the son of M. de Finkenstein to Geneva, was admitted into the society of pastors. Eight years after, the king of Prussia appointed him counsellor of the supreme consistory, and in 1740, a member of the French directory, with the title of Privy-counsellor. Having been received into the academy of Berlin in 1743, he was also appointed inspector of the French college, and director of the Charity-house. He died in 1772. He was long the correspondent of the jesuits Colonia, Tournemine, Hardouin, Poreus, and of father Le Long, and Turretine, Trouchin, and Vernet of Geneva. He often preached before the royal family of Prussia; and such were his powers of oratory, that a celebrated French comedian at Berlin, who there taught the theatrical art, recommended his pupils to hear Achard. He was of a very feeble constitution, and for twenty years subsisted entirely on a milk-diet. In the Memoirs of the Academy of Berlin, for 1745, there is the outline of a very considerable work, in which he proves the liberty of the human mind against Spinosa, Bayle, and Collins. Two volumes of "Sermons sur divers textes de l'Ecriture Sainte," were published at Berlin after his death.

His son FRANCIS, born at Berlin in 1753, a member of several academies, has furnished many dissertations for the Literary Journal of Berlin, and other Memoirs of learned societies. Senebier in his literary history of Geneva gives a list of all his pieces, and a collection of them was published in German, in two volumes. *

1 Gen. Dict. - Moreri. -Tanner.

3 Biographie Universelle, 1811. See Monthly Review, vels. 72, 75, 77, 80, &e. 1 Biographie Universelle, 1811.

ACHARD (CLAUDE FRANCIS), a French physician, secretary to the academy of Marseilles, and librarian of that city, was born in 1753, and died in 1809. He published, 1. " Dictionnaire de la Provence et du Comtat Venaissin," Marseilles, 1785-87, 4 vols. 4to. The first two volumes contain a French and Provençal vocabulary, and the last two the lives of the celebrated characters of Provence. Bouche, the abbe Paul, and some other authors, assisted in this work.

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"Description historique, geographique, et topographique de la Provence et du Comtat Venaissin," Aix, 1787, 4to.; one volume only of this has been published. 3. "Tableau de Marseilles," intended to be comprized in two vols.; of which one only has appeared. 4. "Bulletin des Societés savantes de Marseilles et de departements du Midi," 1802, 8vo. 5. " Cours elementaire de Bibliographie, ou la Science du Bibliothecaire," Marseilles, 1807, 3 vols. 8vo, very incorrectly printed, and little more than a compilation from Fournier's "Manuel Typographique," and Peignot's "Dictionnaire de Bibliologie;" and it is objected to him that the immense knowledge he requires in a librarian would render, bibliography impossible, and tiresome. He also published a Catalogue of the Abbe Rive's library, 1793, 8vo, and another of the library of Marseilles; and had published four numbers of the first volume of a Catalogue of the Museum of Marseilles.1

ACHARDS (ELEAZAR-FRANCIS DE LA BAUME DE) was born at Avignon, Jan. 29, 1679, of a noble 'and ancient family. After having embraced the ecclesiastical profession, he became not only distinguished by the excellence of his doctrines, but particularly by his charitable exertions during the plague in 1721; and his subsequent promotions had no other effect on him than to increase his zeal and his piety. Pope Clement XII. informed of his talents and conciliating spirit, employed him in the capacity of apostolic vicar, to settle the disgraceful disputes that had arisen among the missionaries of China. Achards, who was then bishop of Halicarnassus, undertook this commission; and after a tedious voyage of two years, and two years' residence in China, where he ineffectually laboured to accomplish the object of his mission, died at Cochin, April 2, 1741, a martyr to his indefatigable and benevolent zeal. The Abbe Fabre, his secretary, published an account of this mission, entitled "Lettres edifiantes et curieuses sur la visite apostolique de M. de la Baume, eveque d'Halicarnasse, a la Cochinchine," Venice, 1746, 4to, & 1753, 3 vols. 12mo, with the translation of a funeral oration delivered on his death by a Chinese priest. 1

ACHEN, or ACH (JOHN VAN), an eminent painter, was born at Cologne, in 1556, of a good family. He discovered a taste for his art from his earliest years, and at the age of eleven, painted a portrait with such success, as to induce his parents to encourage his studies. After having been for some time taught by a very indifferent painter, he became the disciple of de Georges, or Jerrigh, a good portrait-painter, with whom he remained six years; and afterwards improved himself by studying and copying the works of Spranger. In his twenty-second year he went to Italy, and was introduced at Venice to a Flemish artist, named Gaspard Reims. This man no sooner learned that Van Achen was a German, than he recommended him to an Italian who courted necessitous artists that he might make a trade of their labours. With him Van Achen made some copies, but, being unable to forget the reception which Reims had given him, he painted his own portrait, and sent it to him. Reims was so struck with the performance, that he apologized to Van Achen, took him. into his house, and preserved the portrait all his life with great veneration. At Venice, he acquired the Venetian art of colouring, and thence went to Rome to improve his design, but never quitted the mannered forms of Spranger. His best performances at Rome were a Nativity for the church of the Jesuits, and a portrait of Madona Venusta, a celebrated performer on the lute. His talents, however, and polite accomplishments, recommended him to several of the greatest princes of Europe, and particularly to the elector of Bavaria, and the emperor Rodolph, by both of whom he was patronized and honoured. He was one of that set of artists who, in the lapse of the sixteenth century, captivated Germany and its princes by the introduction of a new style, or rather manner, grossly compounded from the principles of the Florentine and Venetian schools. He died at Prague in 1621.2

ACHENWALL (GODFREY), a celebrated publicist, and considered by some as the father of the science of Statistics, was born at Elbing, a Prussian town, Oct. 20,

Biographie Universelle, 1811.-Dict. Historique.

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• Biographie Universelle, 1811.-Pilkington's Dict. by Fuseli,

1719. He received his academical education at Jena, Halle, and Leipsic. In 1746 he took up his residence at Marbourg, where he taught history, the law of nature and nations, and statistics, of which he appears to have formed very just notions, but at first confined himself to a knowledge of the constitutions of the different states. In 1748 he went to Gottingen, where, some years after, he. became one of the professors of that university, and one of its greatest ornaments: here he remained until his death, May 1, 1772. He had often travelled in Switzerland, France, Holland, and England; and published several works on the states of Europe, and political law and economy. Those in highest estimation are, his "Constitution des royaumes et etats d'Europe," and "Elementa Juris Naturæ," of which six editions were printed in a very short time, each retouched and improved with great care. bis researches on the subjects of national wealth, resources, and means of prosperity, he availed himself of the observations of all historians and travellers, and was much assisted by Hermann Conring, of Helmstadt, and Eberhard Otto, who had made large collections for the same purpose. Achenwall gave his new science the name of Statistics, or Scientia Statistica. His last work was "Observations sur les Finances de la France."

In

ACHERI (LUC D'), a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609. He became celebrated as the editor of valuable manuscripts which lay buried in libraries. The first piece he published was the epistle ascribed to St. Barnabas. Father Hugh Menard, a monk of the same congregation, intended to publish this epistle, and for that purpose had illustrated it with notes, but having been prevented by death, D'Acheri gave an edition of it under the title of " Epistola Catholica S. Barnabæ Apostoli, Gr. & Lat. cum notis Nic. Hug. Menardi, et elogio ejusdem auctoris," Paris, 1645, 4to. In 1648 he collected into one volume the "Life and Works of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury," Paris, fol. The Life is taken from an ancient manuscript in the abbey of Bec; and the works are, Commentaries on the epistles of St. Paul, taken from a manuscript in the abbey of St. Melaine de Rennes, and a treatise on the Sacrament, against Berenger. The appendix contains the Chronicle of the Abbey of Bec from its foundation in 1304 to 1437;

1 Biographie Universelle. Dict. Historique, 1810.

the life of St. Herluinus, founder and first abbot, of some of his successors, and of St. Austin the apostle of England, and some treatises on the eucharist. His catalogue of ascetic works appeared the same year, entitled "Asceticorum, vulgo spiritualium opusculorum, quæ inter Patrum opera reperiuntur, Indiculus," Paris, 1648, 4to. This curious work was reprinted by father Remi, at Paris, in 1671. In 1651, D'Acheri published the "Life and Works of Guibert, abbot of Nogent-sous-Couci," and the lives of some saints, and other pieces, Paris, fol. There is much antiquarian knowledge in this work, respecting the foundation, &c. of abbeys, but the dates are not always cor

In 1653 he republished father Grimlaic's "Regle des Solitaires," 12mo, Paris, with notes and observations. His most considerable work is "Veterum aliquot seriptorum, qui in Galliæ bibliothecis, maxime Benedictinorum, latuerunt, Spicilegium, &c." 1653-1677, 13 vols. 4to. Under the modest title of Spicilegium, it contains a very curious collection of documents pertaining to ecclesiastical affairs; as acts, canons, councils, chronicles, lives of the saints, letters, poetry, diplomas, charters, &c. taken from the libraries of the different monasteries. This work becoming scarce and much sought after, a new edition was published in 1725, in 3 vols. fol. by Louis-FrancisJoseph de la Barre, with some improvements in point of arrangement, but at the same time some improper liberties taken with the text of D'Acheri, and particularly with his learned prefaces. D'Acheri contributed also to Mabillon's "Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti," &c.He lived a life of much retirement, seldom going out, or admitting trifling visits, and thus found leisure for those vast labours already noticed, and which procured him the esteem of the popes Alexander VII. and Clement X. who honoured him with medals. Although of an infirm habit, he attained the age of seventy-six, and died in the abbey of St. Germain-des-Pres, April 29, 1685. He was interred under the library of which he had had the care for so many years, and where his literary correspondence is preserved. There is a short eloge on him in the Journal de Trevoux for Nov. 26, 1685; but that of Maugendre, printed at Amiens in 1775, is more complete. Dupin says he was one of the first learned men that the congregation of St. Maur produced.'

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1 Biographie Universelle, 1811.-Dict. Hist. 1810-Moreri. Gen. Dict. Du Pin.

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