in Hungary. He also preached the gospel in Prussia and Lithuania, where he was murdered by Sego, a pagan priest. His death was amply revenged by Boleslaus, king

of Poland.

ADAM (ALEXANDER), LL. D. an eminent schoolmaster and useful writer in Scotland, was born June 1741, at Coats of Burgie, in the parish of Rafford, in the county of Moray. His parents were poor, but gave him such education as a parish school afforded; and after having unsuccessfully endeavoured to procure an exhibition at King's college, Aberdeen, he was encouraged, in 1758, to go to the university of Edinburgh, where he surmounted pecuniary difficulties with a virtuous and honourable perseverance, such as are rarely to be found; and improved his opportunities of knowledge with great assiduity and suc'cess. In 1761 he was elected schoolmaster to Watson's hospital, an establishment for the education of the poor, and continued to improve himself in classical knowledge by a careful perusal of some of the best and most difficult authors. In 1767, he was appointed assistant to the rector of the high school of Edinburgh, and in 1771 successor to the same gentleman, and filled this honourable station during the remainder of his life, raising the reputation of the school much higher than it had been known for many years. He would have perhaps raised it yet higher, had he not involved himself, not only with his ushers, but with the patrons and trustees of the school, in a dispute respecting the proper grammar to be taught; Dr. Adam preferring one of his own compiling to that of Ruddiman, which had long been used in all the schools in Scotland, and was esteemed as near perfection as any work of the kind that had ever been published. The ushers, or undermasters, were unanimous in retaining Ruddiman's grammar, for which they assigned their reasons; and Dr. Adam was as resolute in teaching from his own. The consequence was, that Dr. Adam taught his class by one grammar, and the four under-masters theirs by another. The inconve nience of this mode was soon felt; and the patrons of the school, who were the Magistrates of Edinburgh, after referring the question at issue to the principal of the university, the celebrated Dr. Robertson, together with the professors of the Greek and Latin languages, issued an

! Dupin.-Mosheim. -Biographie Universelle.

order in 1786, directing the rector and other masters of the High School, to instruct their scholars by Ruddiman's Rudiments and Grammar, and prohibiting any other grammar of the Latin language from being made use of. Dr. Adam, however, disregarded this and a subsequent order to the same purpose, and continued to use his own rules, in his daily practice with the pupils of his own class, and without being any further interrupted *. The work which gave rise to this dispute was published in 1772, under the title of "The Principles of Latin and English Grammar," and is undoubtedly a work of very considerable merit, and highly useful to those who are of opinion that Latin and English grammar should be taught at the same time.

Soon after this dispute was apparently terminated, Dr. Adam compiled "A Summary of Geography and History" for the use of his pupils, which he afterwards enlarged and published in 1794. In 1791, he published Roman Antiquities; or, an account of the manners and customs of the Romans, 8vo. This useful work has been translated into German, French, and Italian, and has been very generally recommended in preference to Dr. Kennet's work on the same subject. In 1800 he published his "Classical Biography," which was originally intended as the appendix to a Latin dictionary on which he had been employed for some years; but the high price of paper, and the great expence of printing such works, discouraged him from carrying into effect his original design. He printed, however, in 1805, an abridgement of his dictionary, under the title of "Lexicon Linguæ Latinæ compendiarium," 8vo. All these works have attained a high degree of popularity, and are used in the principal schools of this kingdom. Dr. Adam died Dec. 18, 1809, of an apoplexy, in the 69th year of his age, universally regretted as an able and successful teacher, a man of high rank in classical literature, and in private life benevolent and amiable. At one period of his life, when the French revolution distracted the political opinions of his country, he incurred some degree of censure for having introduced matters of a political kind into

his school. For this no apology can be valid; but it appears that he became afterwards more cautious: and at the period of his death, his character was so universally esteemed, that his remains were honoured with a public funeral.

ADAM (BILLAUT.) See BILLAUT.

ADAM OF BREMEN, so called because he was a canon of that church. He was born, according to some writers, at Misnia in the eleventh century; he devoted himself early to the church, and in 1067, was made a canon by Adelbert, archbishop of Bremen, and at the same time placed at the head of the school of that city, a situation equally important and honourable at a time when schools were the only establishments for public instruction. Adam employed his whole life in the functions of his office, in, propagating religion, and in compiling his history, "Historia ecclesiastica ecclesiarum Hamburgensis et Bremensis vicinorumque locorum septentrionalium, ab anno 788 ad annum 1072," Copenhagen, 1579, 4to; Leyden, 1595, 4to; Helmstadt, 1670, 4to: the latter, edited by John Mader, is the best edition. This work contains the most accurate account we have of the establishment of Christianity in the north of Europe. As Bremen was the centre of the missions for this purpose, in which Adam was himself engaged, and had travelled over the countries visited by Anscharius about 200 years before, he had the farther advantage of making valuable collections from the archives of the archbishoprick, the library of his convent, and the conversations he held with the missionaries. He lived in an age when the dignified clergy were not inattentive to temporal affairs, and yet acquitted himself with much impartiality in writing the history of his patron Adelbert, a man of intrigue and ambition. He made a tour in Denmark, where he was favourably received by the reigning sovereign; and on his return wrote a geographical treatise, which was published at Stockholm, under the title of "Chronographia Scandinaviæ," 1615, 8vo, and afterwards at Leyden, with the title "De situ Daniæ et reliquarum trans Daniam regionum natura," 1629. This short work is added to Mader's edition of his history, and although not without a portion of the fabulous, is curious as the first attempt to describe the North of Europe, particularly Jut

1 Accourt of the Life of Dr. Adam, 8vo, 1810. -Chalmers's Life of Ruddi man, p. 91.-British Critic, vol. 36, p. 542; 37, p. 95. VOL. I.

K

land, and some of the islands in the Baltic. We also owe to Adam of Bremen the first accounts of the interior of Sweden, and of Russia, the name of which only was then known in Christian Europe. He even speaks of the island of Great Britain, but chiefly from the accounts of Solinus and Martianus Capella, as his visits did not extend so far. This description of the North has been preserved by Lindenbrog in his "Scriptores rerum Germ. septentrional." Hamburgh, 1706; and Muray, one of the most distinguished professors of Gottingen, has enriched it with a learned commentary. The time of our author's death is not known.1

ADAM (JAMES), a French translator of some note, was born at Vendome in 1663, and after finishing his studies, entered into the service of the prince of Conti, who appointed him to be his secretary. He was elected into the French academy in 1723, in room of the abbé Fleury. He translated part of De Thou's history, which has London on the title, but was printed at Paris, 1734, 16 vols. 4to. This he undertook with Charles Le Beau, the abbés Mascrier, Le Duc, Fontaines, Prevost, and father Fabre. He translated also the memoirs of Montecuculli, Amsterdam, 1734, 12mo; an account of the cardinal Tournon; Atheneus; and other works. He died Nov. 12, 1735.2

ADAM (LAMBERT-SIGISBERT), an eminent French sculptor, was born at Nancy, Feb. 10, 1700. He was the son of Jacob-Sigisbert Adam, also a sculptor of considerable note. At the age of eighteen, he came to Metz; but a desire to extend his reputation made him repair to Paris, where he arrived in 1719. After exercising his profession about four years, he obtained the first prize, and then went to Rome, with a royal pension, where he remained ten years. While here, he was employed by the cardinal de Polignac in restoring the twelve marble statues known as the "family of Lycomedes," which had been discovered among the ruins of the villa of Marius, about two leagues from Rome, and acquitted himself with great success in a branch of the art which is seldom rewarded or honoured in proportion to its difficulties. He afterwards restored several antique sculptures, of which the king of Prussia had got possession, and which he conveyed to Berlin. When an intention was

Biographie Universelle. Moreri. Voss. II. de Hist. Lat. Cave Hist. Eccl. vol. Il.-Fab. Bibl. Lat. Med. vol. I. -Saxii Onomasticon. Dict. Hist. 1810.

formed of erecting that vast monument at Rome known by the name of the "Fountain of Trevi," he was one of the sixteen sculptors who gave in designs; but, although his was adopted by pope Clement XII. the jealousy of the Italia artists prevented his executing it. At this time, however, advantageous offers were made by his own country, to which he returned, after being chosen a member of the academies of St. Luke, and of Bologna. His first work, after his return to France, was the groupe of the "Seine et Marne" for the cascade at St. Cloud. He was then employed at Choisi; and, in May 1737, was elected a member of the French academy, and professor. The piece he exhibited on his admission was "Neptune calming the waves," with a Triton at his feet; and not "Prometheus chained to the rock," as some biographers have asserted, which was the production of his brother Nicholas. He then executed the groupe of "Neptune and Amphitrite" for the bason at Versailles, on which he was employed five years, and was rewarded, besides the stipulated price, with a pension of 500 livres. One of his best works was the figure of " St. Jerome," now at St. Roch. His other works are, a groupe of five figures and of five animals, at Versailles, in bronze; the bas-relief of the chapel of St. Elizabeth, in bronze; two groupes in bronze of hunting and fishing at Berlin; "Mars caressed by Love," at Bellevue; and a statue representing the enthusiasm of poetry. In all these there are undoubted proofs of genius, but proofs likewise of the bad taste in sculpture which prevailed in his time, and induced him, after the example of Bernini and others, to attempt efforts which can only be successful in painting. In 1754, he published "Recueil de Sculptures antiques Grecques et Romaines," fol. for which he made the designs. Most of these he had purchased from the heirs of cardinal de Polignac. He died of an apoplexy, May 15, 1759.'

ADAM (NICHOLAS-SEBASTIAN), brother of the preceding, and likewise an eminent artist, was born at Nancy, March 22, 1705. He studied under his father at Paris, and in 1726 went to Rome. Two years after he gained one of the prizes of the academy of St. Luke. At this time his brother, the subject of the preceding article, and Francis, a younger brother, were at Rome, and assisted each other

1 Argenville Vies de fam. Sculpt.-Biographie Universelle.

K 2