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1719. He received his academical education at Jena, Halle, and Leipsic. In 1746 he took up his residence at Marbourg, where he taught history, the law of nature and nations, and statistics, of which he appears to have formed very just notions, but at first confined himself to a knowledge of the constitutions of the different states. In 1748 he went to Gottingen, where, some years after, he became one of the professors of that university, and one of its greatest ornaments: here he remained until his death, May 1, 1772. He had often travelled in Switzerland, France, Holland, and England; and published several works on the states of Europe, and political law and economy. Those in highest estimation are, his "Constitution des royaumes et etats d'Europe," and "Elementa Juris Naturæ," of which six editions were printed in a very short time, each retouched and improved with great care. his researches on the subjects of national wealth, resources, and means of prosperity, he availed himself of the observations of all historians and travellers, and was much assisted by Hermann Conring, of Helmstadt, and Eberhard Otto, who had made large collections for the same purpose. Achenwall gave his new science the name of Statistics, or Scientia Statistica. His last work was "Observations sur les Finances de la France."

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ACHERI (LUC D'), a Benedictine of the congregation of St. Maur, was born at St. Quintin, in Picardy, in 1609. He became celebrated as the editor of valuable manuscripts which lay buried in libraries. The first piece he published was the epistle ascribed to St. Barnabas. Father Hugh Menard, a monk of the same congregation, intended to publish this epistle, and for that purpose had illustrated it with notes, but having been prevented by death, D'Acheri gave an edition of it under the title of " Epistola CathoJica S. Barnabæ Apostoli, Gr. & Lat. cum notis Nic. Hug. Menardi, et elogio ejusdem auctoris," Paris, 1645, 4to. In 1648 he collected into one volume the "Life and Works of Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury," Paris, fol. The Life is taken from an ancient manuscript in the abbey of Bec; and the works are, Commentaries on the epistles of St. Paul, taken from a manuscript in the abbey of St. Melaine de Rennes, and a treatise on the Sacrament, against Berenger. The appendix contains the Chronicle of the Abbey of Bec from its foundation in 1304 to 1437;

! Biographie Universelle. Dict. Historique, 1810.

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the life of St. Herluinus, founder and first abbot, of some of his successors, and of St. Austin the apostle of England, and some treatises on the eucharist. His catalogue of ascetic works appeared the same year, entitled "Asceticorum, vulgo spiritualium opusculorum, quæ inter Patrum opera reperiuntur, Indiculus," Paris, 1648, 4to. curious work was reprinted by father Remi, at Paris, in 1671. In 1651, D'Acheri published the "Life and Works of Guibert, abbot of Nogent-sous-Couci," and the lives of some saints, and other pieces, Paris, fol. There is much antiquarian knowledge in this work, respecting the foundation, &c. of abbeys, but the dates are not always cor

In 1653 he republished father Grimlaic's " Regle des Solitaires," 12mo, Paris, with notes and observations. His most considerable work is "Veterum aliquot scriptorum, qui in Galliæ bibliothecis, maxime Benedictinorum, latuerunt, Spicilegium, &c." 1653-1677, 13 vols. 4to. Under the modest title of Spicilegium, it contains a very curious collection of documents pertaining to ecclesiastical affairs; as acts, canons, councils, chronicles, lives of the saints, letters, poetry, diplomas, charters, &c. taken from the libraries of the different monasteries. This work becoming scarce and much sought after, a new edition was published in 1725, in 3 vols. fol. by Louis-FrancisJoseph de la Barre, with some improvements in point of arrangement, but at the same time some improper liberties taken with the text of D'Acheri, and particularly with his learned prefaces. D'Acheri contributed also to Mabillon's "Acta Sanctorum ordinis S. Benedicti," &c.He lived a life of much retirement, seldom going out, or admitting triffing visits, and thus found leisure for those vast labours already noticed, and which procured him the esteem of the popes Alexander VII. and Clement X. who honoured him with medals. Although of an infirm habit, he attained the age of seventy-six, and died in the abbey of St. Germain-des-Pres, April 29, 1685. He was interred under the library of which he had had the care for so many years, and where his literary correspondence is preserved. There is a short eloge on him in the Journal de Trevoux for Nov. 26, 1685; but that of Maugendre, printed at Amiens in 1775, is more complete. Dupin says he was one of the first learned men that the congregation of St. Maur produced.'

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1 Biographie Universelle, 1811.-Dict. Hist. 1810. - Moreri.-Gen. Dict.Du Pin.

ACHILLES (ALEXANDER), a nobleman of Prussia, lived at the court of Uladislaus, king of Poland, and died at Stockholm in 1675, in the ninety-first year of his age. The king of Poland sent him as ambassador to Persia, and the elector of Brandenburgh employed him on a similar mission to the Cossacks. He wrote, in German, a treatise on Earthquakes, and left some manuscripts political and philosophical.1

ACHILLES TATIUS. See TATIUS.

ACHILLINI (ALEXANDER), a native of Bologna, where he was born Oct. 29, 1463, was a philosopher and physician, and professed both those sciences with great reputation. He had scholars from all parts of Europe. He died in his own country, August 2, 1512, at the age of 40, with the surname of The great philosopher, after having published various pieces in anatomy and medicine. To him is ascribed the discovery of the little bones in the organ of hearing. He adopted the sentiments of Averroës, and was the rival of Pomponacius. These two philosophers mutually decried each other, and Pomponacius had generally the advantage, as he had the talent of mixing witticisms with his arguments, for the entertainment of the by-standers, while Achillini lowered himself with the public by his singular and slovenly dress. His philosophical works were printed in one vol. folio, at Venice, in 1508, and reprinted with considerable additions in 1545, 1551, and 1568. His principal medical works are: 1. "Annotationes Anatomicæ," Bonon. 1520, 4to, and Venice, 1521, 8vo. 2. " De humani corporis Anatomia," Venice, 1521, 4to. 3. "In Mundini anatomiam annotationes," printed with Katham's "Fasciculus Medicinæ," Venice, 1522, fol. 4. "De subjecto Medicinæ, cum annotationibus Pamphili Montii," Venice, 1568. 5. "De Chiromantiæ principiis et Physiognomiæ," fol. without place or year. 6. "De Universalibus," Bonon. 1501, fol. 7. "De subjecto Chiromantiæ et Physiognomiæ," Bonon. 1503, fol. & Pavia, 1515, fol. -Achillini also cultivated poetry; but if we may judge from some verses in the collection published on the death of the poet Seraphin dall' Aquila, not with much success.* ACHILLINI (JOHN PHILOTHEUS), younger brother of the preceding, was born at Bologna in 1466, where he died in 1558. He was learned in the Greek and Latin

1 Biographie Universelle.

و Gen. Dict.-Moreri.-Biographie Universelle, 1811.

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languages, in theology, philosophy, and music, and the study of law and antiquities, but is most celebrated poet, although his works are not free from the faults peculiar to his age. Yet he gave even these a turn so peculiarly original, that they appear to have been rather his own than acquired by imitation. He published, among many other works: 1. A scientific and moral poem, written in the ottava rima, entitled " Il Viridario," Bologna, 4to, which contains eulogiums on many of his learned contemporaries.

2. "Il Fedele," also in heroics. These are both scarce, as they never were reprinted. 3. "Annotazioni della lingua volgare," Bologna, 1536, 8vo. This was intended as an answer to those who complained of the provincialisms in his style. 4. He also published a collection of poems on the death of Seraphin dall' Aquila, mentioned in the preceding article, Bologna, 1504, 4to. He has more stretch of mind than most of his contemporaries.1

ACHILLINI (CLAUDE), grandson of the preceding, and son of Clearchus Achillini and Polyxena Buoi, was born at Bologna in 1574. After studying grammar, the belles lettres, and philosophy, he entered on the study of the Jaw, and prosecuted it with so much success, that he was honoured with a doctor's degree at the age of twenty, Dec. 16, 1594, and became a professor of that science at Bologna, Ferrara, and Parma, where he acquired great reputation. His learning was so much admired that an inscription to his honour was put up in the public schools, and both popes and cardinals gave him hopes, which were never realized, of making his fortune. Towards the end of his life he lived principally in a country house called II Sasso, and died there Oct. 1, 1640. His body was carried to Bologna, and interred in the tomb of his ancestors in the church of St. Martin. He is principally known now by his poetry, in which he was an imitator of Marino, and with much of the bad taste of his age. It has been asserted that he received a gold chain worth a thousand crowns from the court of France, for a poem on the conquests of Louis XIII.; but this reward was sent him by the Cardinal Richelieu, in consequence of some verses he wrote on the birth of the dauphin. His poems were printed at Bologna, 1632, 4to, and were reprinted with some prose pieces, under the title "Rime e Prose," Venice, 1651, 12mo.

1 Biographie Universelle, 1811.-Hist. Litteraire d' Italie, par Ginguene, vol. III. p. 548.-Gen. Dict.-Moreri.

He published also in Latin "Decas Epistolarum ad Jacobum Gaufridum," Parma, 1635, 4to.

ACHMET, an Arabian author, who is supposed to have lived about the fourth century, and is styled the son of Seirim, wrote a book "On the interpretation of Dreams, according to the doctrine of the Indians, the Persians, and the Egyptians," which, with all its absurdities, has been translated into Greek and Latin, and published, together with "Artemidorus on Dreams and Chiromancy," by M. Rigault in Paris, 1603, 4to. The original is lost. *

ACIDALIUS (VALENS), a young man of great erudition, whom Baillet has enrolled among his "Enfans celebres," and who would have proved one of the ablest critics of his time, had he enjoyed a longer life, was born at Wistock, in the march of Brandenburgh, in 1567. In his seventeenth year he composed some poetical pieces in Latin, which are not very highly esteemed. In 1589, he went to Helmstadt to pursue his studies, and there published some of his poems, which were reprinted after his death, at Leibnitz, in 1605, with those of Janus Lernutius and Janus Gulielmus. They are also inserted in the first volume of the "Deliciæ Poetarum Germanorum;" and several of his pieces are in the second volume of Caspar Dornavius' "Amphitheatrum sapientiæ Socraticæ Jocoserie," Hanau, 1619. From Helmstadt, Acidalius went to Italy in 1590, and acquired the esteem and friendship of the most distinguished scholars; and here he studied medicine, but does not appear to have entered into practice. Before he went to Italy, he had begun his commentary on Paterculus, and published his edition of that author at Padua, in the above-mentioned year, 12mo. He adopted the text of Schegkius, but introduced corrections, and such new readings as appeared well founded. For this, however, he has been censured by Boecler, J. Mercier, and Burmann; and it has been said that he himself condemned this early production. His contemporaries appear to have thought more favourably of his labours, as his notes were adopted in the edition of Paterculus published at Lyons, 1595, 8vo; and they were again added to an edition of Tacitus printed after his death, at Paris, in 1608, folio. After remaining three years in Italy, he returned to Germany; and at Neiss, the residence of the

1 Chaufepie. Moreri. - Dict. Hist. -Biographie Universelle. Dict. Hist.

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