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perial power. This piece of flattery succeeded so well, that the emperor not only pardoned, but also raised him to the consulship. Afer died in the reign of Nero, A. D. 59.1

AFFLITTO, in Latin DE AFFLICTIS (MATTHEW), an eminent lawyer, the grandson of Matthew Affitto, counsellor-royal in 1409 under Ladislaus, was born at Naples about 1430. Being attached to the study of law from his youth, he made great progress, and acquired so much reputation, that he was promoted to the council of state by king Ferdinand I. and shared the confidence of that prince and of his son, afterwards Alphonsus II. He was afterwards appointed president of the royal chamber, and was employed in public transactions of the greatest importance under five successive kings of Naples. To the knowledge displayed in his works, he joined the strictest probity and most amiable manners. Camerario, lieutenant of the royal chamber, and an eminent feudal lawyer, gives him the character of the most learned and excellent man of his own or the preceding age; nor are Ferron and Fontanella more sparing of their praises. Pancirollus only considers him as rather laborious than acute in his writings. Notwithstanding the distractions of the times in which he lived, and his numerous labours, he reached the age of eighty, and died in 1510. He was interred in the conventual church of Monte-Vergine in Naples, under a monument representing St. Eustachius, from whom his family derived their origin. He was twice married, and from his second wife, Diana Carmignana, are descended the Afflittos, barons of Rocca-Gloriosa.

Afflitto's works are: 1. "Commentarius in Constitutiones Siciliæ et Neapolis," Francfort, 1603, fol. 2. "Commentarius super tres libros Feudorum," Venice, 1534, fol.; Lyons, 1548, and 1560; Francfort, 1598, 1608, 1629. 3. "Decisiones Neapolitanæ antiquæ et novæ," Venice, 1564, 1600, and 1635, fol.; and Francfort, 1616, and 1635, fol. 4. "Lecturæ super consuetudinibus Neapolitani Siciliæque regni," Leyden, 1535, fol.; reprinted under different titles, and with the additions of other writers on the subject. 5. " De Jure Protomiseos cum Baldo et Marantha, Tr. Tr. xviii." Francfort, 1571, and 1588; reprinted at Spires, 1603, 8vo. 6. “ Enumeratio Privilegiorum fisci," Basle, 1550, fol. 7. "Lecturæ su

1 Gen. Dict,

per 7 Codicis Justiniani," 1560. 8. " De consiliariis principum et officialibus eligendis, ad justitiam regendam," Naples; a very scarce work. The frequent editions of these voluminous works sufficiently prove the high estimation in which they were held. The family of Afflito has produced other celebrated men, as 1. JOHN AFFLITO, an eminent mathematician, particularly skilled in the art of fortification, and employed as an engineer by John of Austria in some of his wars. He published, in Spanish, a treatise on the subject, 2 vols. 4to, and a volume of "Theological and Philosophical Miscellanies." He died at Naples, 1673. 2. GAETAN-ANDRE D'AFFLITTO, advocate-general, who published law-pleadings and decisions at Naples, 1655. And lastly, CESAR D'AFFLITTO, who left a work on the feudal laws.

AFFO (IRENEUS), a native of Bussetto, a small town in the duchy of Piacenza, was appointed in 1768 by the Infant don Ferdinand to be professor of philosophy at Guastalla, where he wrote his "Historia di Guastalla," 4 vols. 4to. It commences with the reign of Charlemagne; comprizes the three dynasties who governed that state: viz. the Torelli's, the Gonzago's, and the Bourbons, dukes of Parma; and finishes in 1776. On account of this work, he was appointed superintendant of the valuable library of Parma. He is a diffuse writer, as he allows in his preface, but his researches are valuable and correct. Writing under a prince so particular as the last Infant, he was obliged to suppress some things of a delicate kind. He wrote also

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Historia di Parma," printed there 2 vols. 4to, and other works respecting the antiquities and the lives of the sovereigns of these states. He left a manuscript history of Peter Louis Farnèse, which the Infant would not suffer to be published. He died at the age of sixty, about the beginning of the present century.

AFRANIUS, a Latin poet, who wrote several comedies in imitation of Menander. He was a man of wit and sense. Quintilian blames him for the licentious amours in his plays. He lived about 100 years before the vulgar æra, according to Vossius. Only some fragments of this poet are come down to our times, which are inserted in the " Corpus Poetarum" of Maittaire, London, 1713, folio.*

1 Biographie Universelle. Dict, Historique. Biographie Universelle.

3 Moreri, Fabr. Bibl, Lat.

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AFRICANUS (Julius), a Christian historian, was born at Nicopolis in Palestine, in the third century. He composed a chronology, to convince the heathens of the antiquity of the true religion, and the novelty of the fables of Paganism. This work was divided into five books, and is a sort of universal history, from the creation of Adam, to the reign of the emperor Macrinus. No more, however, is extant than what we find of it in the Chronicon of Eusebius. He wrote a letter to Origen concerning the history of Susannah, which he deemed to be spurious, and another to Aristides, to reconcile the genealogical tables of St. Matthew and St. Luke. It was in consequence of his entreaties that the emperor Heliogabalus rebuilt the city of Nicopolis, which he founded on the spot where the village of Emmaus stood. A mathematical work, entitled "Cæstus," has been attributed to him. The fragments which remain of this author were printed among the "Mathematici Veteres," at Paris, in 1693, fol. and were translated into French by M. Guiscard, in his "Memoires Militaires des Grecs et des Romains," Paris, 1774, 3 vols. 8vo. It is supposed that the ancient part of the work of Julius Africanus, was an abridgment of the famous work of Manetho, an Egyptian priest, who flourished about 300 years before Christ. (See MANETHO). A great part of Africanus's Chronography is extant in Georg. Syncellus, edit. Paris, 1652, from whence, not being then published, it was borrowed by Scaliger in his edition of Eusebius's Chronicon in Greek. Africanus is placed by Cave at the year 220, who likewise supposes that he died in an advanced age, about the year 232. But Dr. Lardner does not think that he was then in an advanced age, or died so soon. Of his character, he says, that we may glory in Africanus as a Christian. For it cannot but be a pleasure to observe, that in those early days there were some within the inclosure of the church of Christ, whose shining abilities rendered them the ornament of the age in which they lived; when they appear also to have been men of unspotted characters, and give evident proofs of honesty and integrity.1

AGANDURU (RODERIC MORIZ), a Spanish missionary of the 17th century, who lived under the reigns of Philip III. and Philip IV. was a barefooted Augustin, and celebrated for his apostolic zeal. These religious had a principal hand in the rapid, but for the most part short-lived, progress of the Catholic faith in Japan; and converted the populous nation of the Tagalians, or Tagaleze, Malayans by descent, who inhabited Lucon, one of the Philippine islands, and who remain Christians to this day. In 1640, Aganduru was appointed by his brethren, and with the authority of Philip IV. to go to Rome and offer to the pope, Urban VIII. the homage and obedience of these new converts. He wrote a "History of Conversions in Japan and the Philippine islands, with a detail of his religious em bassy:" and a "General History of the Moluccas and the Philippines," 2 vols. from the discovery of them, to the middle of the seventeenth century.'

1 Lardner's Works.-Fabr. Bibl. Græc.-Bibliographical Dict. vol. I.-Moreri. Cave - Saxii Onomasticon.

AGAPETUS, deacon of the church of Constantinople, in the sixth century, or about 527, presented the emperor Justinian, on his accession to the throne, with a work in seventy-two chapters, which has been called "Charta Regia," and contains excellent advice on the duties of a Christian prince. This work was long esteemed, and procured the author a place among the best writers of his age. It was first printed, Gr. et Lat. at Venice, 1509, 8vo; and is often printed in the same volume with various editions of Æsop's fables. The most correct edition is that of Banduri, in a collection entitled "Imperium Orientale," Paris, 1711, 2 vols. fol. The last edition was published at Leipsic, 1733, 8vo, Gr. et Lat. by Græbelius, with notes; but those not of much importance. Louis XIII. in his youth translated it into French, and this was printed in 1612, 8vo, and often since.

AGARD (ARTHUR), a learned and industrious English antiquary, and one of the members of the first society of antiquaries, was the son of Clement Agard, of Foston (not Toston, as in the Biog. Brit.) in Derbyshire, by Eleanor, the daughter of Thomas Middleborough, of Egbaston in Warwickshire. He was born 1540, and originally studied law; but it does not appear that he was at either university. He afterwards became a clerk in the Exchequer office; and in 1570 was made deputy chamberlain of the Exchequer, which he held forty-five years. During this time, he had leisure and industry to accumulate large collections of matters pertaining to the antiquities of his country; and his zeal in these researches procured him the acquaintance of that eminent benefactor to English literature and antiquities, sir Robert Cotton, with whom he enjoyed the strictest friendship as long as he lived. Wood, in his Athenæ, has made a strange mistake here in ascribing Agard's proficiency in antiquary knowledge to Sir Robert, who was but just born the year Agard came into office. There can be no doubt, however, that they improved and assisted each other in their pursuits. Agard also could number the most eminent and learned men of the age among his friends and coadjutors. It was in his days, about 1572, that the society of antiquaries was formed by archbishop Parker; and among the names of its original members, we find Agard, Andrews, Bouchier, Camden, Carew, Cotton, Dodderidge, Ley, Spelman, Stow, Dethicke, Lambart, and others. In this society, Agard read these essays, which have since been published by Hearne, in his "Collection of Curious Discourses," 1720 and 1775, 2 vols. Agard's discourses are: 1. Opinion touching the antiquity, power, order, state, manner, persons, and proceedings of the high court of parliament in England. 2. On this question, Of what antiquity shires were in England? In this essay various ancient manuscripts are cited; and Mr. Agard seems to think king Alfred was the author of this division: it was delivered before the society in Easter term, 33 Eliz. 1591. 3. On the dimensions of the lands in England. In this he settles the meaning of these words, solin, hida, carucata, jugum, virgata, ferlingata, ferlinges, from ancient manuscripts and authentic records in the exchequer. 4. The authority, office, and privileges of heraults [heralds] in England. He is of opinion, that this office is of the same antiquity with the institution of the garter. 5. Of the antiquity or privileges of the houses or inns of court, and of chancery. In this he observes, that in more ancient times, before the making of Magna Charta, our lawyers were of the clergy: that in the time of Edward I. the law came to receive its proper form; and that in an old record, the exchequer was styled the mothercourt of all courts of record. He supposes that at this time lawyers began to have settled places of abode, but affirms he knew of no privileges. 6. Of the diversity of names of this island. In this we find that the first Saxons, residing in this island, came here under the command of

1 Biographie Universelle.

* Ibid. Moreri. Cave, vol. I.-Fabr. Bibl. Græc.-Saxii Onomasticon,

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