59. THE REFLECTIVE VERB CONJUGATED NEGATIVELY AND INTERROGATIVELY. INDICATIVE MODE. PRESENT. Ne me flatté-je pas? Est-ce que je do I not flatter myself? ne me flatte pas ? Ne te flattes-tu pas ? Ne se flatte-t-il pas ? &c. dost thou not flatter thyself? does he not flatter himself? does one not flatter himself? do we not flatter ourselves? do you not flatter yourselves? do they not flatter themselves? &c. &c. PAST INDEFINITE. Ne me suis-je pas flatté, m. flattée ? f. Ne t'es-tu pas flatté or flattée ? Ne s'est-elle pas flattée? Ne nous sommes-nous pas flattés or flattées? Ne vous êtes-vous pas flattés or flattées ? Ne se sont-ils pas flattés? m. have I not flattered myself? hast thou not flattered thyself? has he not flattered himself? has she not flattered herself? has one not flattered himself? have we not flattered ourselves? have you not flattered yourselves? have they not flattered themselves? have they not flattered themselves? § 61.-FORMATION OF THE TENSES. (1.) The tenses are simple or compound. 1. We call those, simple tenses, which do not borrow one of the tenses of the auxiliaries avoir and être. 2. We call those compound tenses, which are composed of the tenses of avoir and être, and the participle past of a verb. (2.) Among the simple tenses, five are called primitive, because they serve to form the other tenses. They are: 1. The present of the indicative; 2. The past definite; 3. The present of the infinitive; 4. The participle present; 5. The participle past. (3.) The other simple tenses, called derived tenses, are formed from the primitive. (4.) 1. The present of the indicative forms the imperative, by suppressing the pronouns: as, je chante, chante; nous chantons, vous chantez, chantons, chantez. It will be seen that the third person of the singular and plural of the imperative, is properly the third person of the singular and plural of the subjunctive, used imperatively. (5.) The past definite forms the imperfect of the subjunctive, by changing into sse for the first conjugation; as, je chantai, que je chantasse, and by adding se for the other conjugations: as, je finis, que je finisse; je reçus, que je reçusse; je vendis, que je vendisse. (6.) The present of the infinitive forms: 1. The future, by adding ai for the first and second conjugations: as, chanter, je chanterai; finir, je finirai; and by changing oir and re into rai for the other two conjugations; as, recevoir, je recevrai; rendre, je rendrai. 2. The conditional present is by French grammarians formed from the future by the addition of s: as, je chanterai, je chanterais; je finirai, je finirais; je recevrai, je recevrais ; je vendrai, je vendrais. (7.) The participle present forms: 1. The imperfect of the indicative, by changing ant into ais: as, chantant, je chantais; finissant, je finissais; recevant, je recevais; vendant, je vendais. 2. The present of the subjunctive, by changing ant into e: as, chantant, que je chante; finissant, que je finisse; vendant, que je vende. Exception: In verbs of the third conjugation the termination evant is changed into oive: as, recevant, que je reçoive. (8.) This formation must not prevent the change of y into i, according to Rule (2.) § 49. (9.) The participle past forms all the compound tenses of verbs with the aid of the auxiliaries avoir and être: as, j'ai chanté, je suis aimé, j'avais chanté, j'étais aimé. § 61-2.-PARADIGM OF THE UNIPERSONAL VERB Y AVOIR, TO BE THERE. INDICATIVE MODE. PAST INDEFINITE. there is; there are | Il y a eu, there has been; there have PRESENT. Il y ay been IMPERFECT. PLUPERFECT. there would be | Il y aurait eu, there would have been PRESENT. Il y aurait, that there may be | Qu'il y ait eu, that there may have been PRESENT. Qu'il y ait, IMPERFECT. Qu'il y eût, PLUPERFECT. that there might be | Qu'il y eût eu, that there might have |