8. This rule holds good not only in all the regular, but in almost the irregular verbs.

9. Verbs may be conjugated interrogatively in French (except in the first person singular of the present of the indicative,) [§ 98, (4.) (5.), L. 25, R. 1.] by placing the pronoun after the verb, in all the simple tenses, and between the auxiliary and the participle, in the compound tenses.

10. The verb porter means to carry. It means also to wear, in speaking of garments; apporter ineans to bring, and emporter, to carry away. Aimer means to love, to like, to be fond of, and takes the preposition à before another verb.

Quel habit portez-vous ?
Je porte un habit de drap noir.
Votre frère qu'apporte-t-il? [L.
4, R. 6.]

Il apporte de l'argent à son ami.

What coat do you wear?
I wear a coat of black cloth.
What does your brother bring?

He brings money to his friend.

11. A noun used in a general sense [§ 77 (1.)] takes the article le, la, l, or les.

Aimez-vous le boeuf ou le mouton? Do you like beef or mutton?
Je n'aime ni le bœuf ni le mouton. I like neither beef nor mutton.

RESUME OF EXAMPLES.

Chantez-vous

lienne?

une chanson ita

Do you sing an Italian song?

Nous chantons des chansons alle- We sing German songs.

mandes.

Portez-vous ce livre à l'homme ?
Non, je le porte à mon frère.
Emportez-vous tout votre argent?
J'en emporte 'seulement une partie.
Finissez-vous votre leçon aujour-
d'hui?

Nous la finissons ce matin.
N'aimez-vous pas les enfants?
Je les aime beaucoup.
Recevez-vous beaucoup de lettres ?
Nous en recevons beaucoup.
Vendez-vous des marchandises?
Nous en vendons beaucoup.
Votre frère aime le boeuf et le mouton.

Do you carry this book to the man?
No, I carry it to my brother.
Do you carry away all your money?
I carry away only a part of it.
Do you finish your lesson to-day?

We finish it this morning.
Do you not like children?
I like them much.

Do you receive many letters?
We receive many.
Do you sell goods?
We sell many.

Your brother likes beef and mutton.

EXERCISE 43.

We shall hereafter put a hyphen between the stem and the termination of the verbs placed in the vocabularies. The number indicates the conjugation.

Aim-er, 1. to love, to like, Donn-er, 1. to give;

to be fond of ;

Autre, other;

Fin-ir, 2. to finish;
Fourn-ir, 2. to furnish;
Gard-er, 1. to keep ;
Guère, but little;

Habits, m. p. clothes,
garments;

Mais, but;

Compagnon, m. compan- Maison, f. house;

ion;

Dame, f. lady;

De bonne heure, early;
D-evoir, 3. to owe;

Marchand, m. merchant;

Non seulement, not only;
Lecture, f. reading;

Parce que, because;
Paille, f. straw;
Perd-re, 4. to lose;
Port-er, 1. to carry, to

wear;
Rec-evoir, 3. to receive;
Souvent, often;

Toujours, always;

Matin, m. morning; Travail, m. labor;
Marchandises, f.p.goods; Trouv-er, 1. to find;
Neveu, m. nephew; Vend-re, 4. to sell.

1. Votre mère aime-t-elle la lecture? [R. 11.] 2. Oui, mademoiselle; elle l'aime beaucoup plus que sa sœur. 3. Quel chapeau votre neveu porte-t-il? 4. Il porte un chapeau de soie, et je porte un chapeau de paille. 5. Cette dame aime-t-elle ses enfants? 6. Oui, monsieur; elle les chérit. 7. Fournissez-vous des marchandises à ces marchands? 8. Je fournis des marchandises à ces marchands, et ils me donnent de l'argent. 9. Vos compagnons aiment-ils les beaux habits? [R. 11.] 10. Nos compagnous aiment les beaux habits et les bons livres. 11. Cherchez-vous mon frère ? 12. Oui, monsieur; je le cherche, mais je ne le trouve pas. 13. Votre frère perd il son temps. 14. Il perd son temps et son argent. 15. Perdons-nous toujours notre temps? 16. Nous le perdons très souvent. 17. Devez-vous beaucoup d'argent? 18. J'en dois assez, mais je n'en dois pas beaucoup. 19. Vendez-vous vos deux maisons à notre médecin? 20. Je n'en vends qu'une, je garde l'autre pour ma belle-sœur. 21. Recevez-vous de l'argent aujourd'hui? 22. Nous n'en recevons guère. 23. Votre menuisier finit-il son travail de bonne heure? 24. Il le finit tard. 25. A quelle heure le finit-il? 26. Il le finit à midi et demi. 27. Nous finissons le nôtre à dix heures moins vingt minutes.

EXERCISE 44.

1. Does your companion like reading? 2. My companion does not like reading. 3. Does your father like good books? [R. 11.] 4. He likes good books and good clothes. 5. Do you owe more than twenty dollars? 6. I only owe ten, but my brother owes more than fifteen. 7. Are you wrong to finish your work early? 8. I ar

1 Repeat the article.

am

right to finish mine early, and you are wrong not to (de ne pas) finish yours. 9. Do you receive much money to-day? 10. I receive but little. 11. Do we give our best books to that little child? 12. We do not give them, we keep them because we want them. 13. Do you sell your two horses? 14. We do not sell our two horses, we keep one of them. 15. Do you finish your work this morning? 16. Yes, sir; I finish it this morning early. 17. Does your brotherin-law like fine clothes? 18. Yes, madam; he likes fine clothes. 19. Do you seek my nephew? 20. Yes, sir; we seek him. 21. Does he lose his time? 22. He loses not only his time, but he loses money. 23. How much money has he lost to-day? 24. He has lost more than ten dollars. 25. Does your joiner finish your house? 26. He finishes my house and my brother's. 27. Do you sell good hats? 28. We sell silk hats, and silk hats are good. [R. 11.] 29. How old is your companion? 30. He is twelve years old, and his sister is fifteen. 31. Does your brother like meat? 32. He likes meat and bread. 33. Do you receive your goods at two o'clock? 34. We receive them at half after twelve. 35. We receive them ten minutes before one.

LEÇON XXIV.

LESSON XXIV.

IRREGULAR VERBS.-CHEZ, ETC.

1. There are in French, as in other languages, verbs which are called irregular, because they are not conjugated according to the rule, or model verb of the conjugation to which they belong. [§ 62.] 2. Many irregular verbs have tenses which are conjugated regularly.

3. The singular of the present of the indicative of the irregular verbs, is almost always irregular.

4. In verbs ending in yer, the y is changed into i before an e mute.1 [$ 49.]

5. PRESENT OF THE INDICATIVE OF THE IRREGUlar Verds,

ALLER, 1. to go;

ENVOYER, 1. to send; VENIR, 2. to come;

Je vais, I go, do go, or J'envoie[R. 4.] I send, do Je viens, I come, do come,

am going;

Tu vas,

Il va,
Nous allons,

Vous allez,

Ils vont,

send, or am sending;

Tu envoies,

Il envoie,

Nous envoyons,

Vous envoyez,

Ils envoient [R. 4.]

or am coming;

Tu viens,

Il vient,

Nous venons,

Vous venez,

Ils viennent.

2 Many French authors do not make that change, but write j'envoye, etc.

6. All verbs ending in enir are conjugated like venir.

7. The student will find, in § 62, the irregular verbs alphabetically arranged. He should always consult that table, when meeting with an irregular verb.

8. The expression à la maison, is used for the English at home, at his or her house, etc.

Le chirurgien est-il à la maison ?
Mon frère est à la maison.

Is the surgeon at home?
My brother is at home.

9. The preposition chez, placed before a noun or pronoun, answers to the English, at the house of, with (meaning at the residence of), among, etc. [3 142, (3.)]

Chez moi, chez lui, chez elle,

At my house, at his house, at her house.

Chez nous, chez vous, chez eux, m. At our house, at your house, at their chez elles, f.

house.

That is literally, at the house of me, at the house of him, etc.

Chez mon père, chez ma sœur,

At my father's, at my sister's.

10. The word avec answers to the English with, meaning merely

in the company of.

Venez avec nous, ou avec lui.

Come with us, or with him.

11. The word y means to it, at it, at that place, there. It is generally placed before the verb, and refers always to something mentioned. [$39, (18.) § 103, (2), § 104.]

Votre sœur est-elle chez vous?

Oui, monsieur; elle y est.

Is your sister at your house?
Yes, sir; she is there.

12. In French, an answer cannot, as in English, consist merely of an auxiliary or a verb preceded by a nominative pronoun; as, Do you come to my house to-day? I do. Have you books? I have. The sentence, in French, must be complete; as, I go there; I have some. The words oui or non, without a verb, would however suffice.

Allez-vous chez lui aujourd'hui ?
Oui, monsieur; j'y vais.
Avez-vous des livres chez vous?
Oui, monsieur; nous en avons.

Do you go to his house to-day?
Yes, sir; I do.

Have you books at home?
Yes, sir; we have.

RÉSUMÉ OF EXAMPLES.

Où le colonel est-il ?
Il est chez son frère ainé.
N'est-il pas chez nous ?
Non, monsieur; il n'y est pas.

Where is the colonel?

He is at his eldest brother's.
Is he not our house?
No, sir; he is not.

Madame votre mère est-elle à la Is your mother at home?

1. Où allez-vous mon ami? 2. Je vais chez monsieur votre père, est-il à la maison? 3. Il y est ce matin. 4. D'où venez-vous ? 5. Nous venons de chez vous et de chez votre sœur. 6. Qui est chez nous? 7. Mon voisin y est aujourd'hui. 8. Où avez-vous l'intention de porter ces livres? 9. J'ai l'intention de les porter chez le fils du médecin. 10. Avez-vous tort de rester chez vous? 11. Je n'ai pas tort de rester à la maison. 12. L'horloger a-t-il de bonnes montres chez lui? 13. Il n'a pas de montres chez lui, il en a dans son magasin. 14. Chez qui portez-vous vos livres ? 15. Je les porte chez le relieur. 16. Allez-vous chez le capitaine hollandais? 17. Nous n'allons pas chez le capitaine hollandais, nous allons chez le major russe. 18. Est-il chez vous ou chez votre frère? 19. Il demeure chez nous. 20. Ne demeurons-nous pas chez votre tailleur ? 21. Vous y demeurez. 22. Votre peintre d'où vient-il? 23. Il vient de chez son associé. 24. Où portez-vous mes souliers et mon gilet ? 25. Je porte vos souliers chez le cordonnier, et votre gilet chez le tailleur.

EXERCISE 46.

1. Where does your friend go ? 2. He is going [L. 23, R. 6], to your house or to your brother's. 3. Does he not intend to go to

The French, in speaking to a person whom they respect, prefix the word Monsieur, Madame, or Mademoiselle to the word representing their interlocutor's relations, or friends.

2 See § 103, (2.)